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,不定式是動(dòng)詞的一種非限定形式,由 “to+動(dòng)詞原形” 構(gòu)成，沒(méi)有人稱和 數(shù)的變化，在句中不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)。 但不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特 征，在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ) 補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。,Grammar: the Infinitive,1. It is good to help others. 2. It is my ambition to make sure that the disabled people in our neighborhood have access to all public buildings. 3. My ambition is to work in the computer industry when I grow up.,辨別下面不定式在句子中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?,subject,subject,Predicative (表語(yǔ)),4. I don’t have time to sit around feeling sorry for myself. 5. I am the only student in my class to have a pet snake. 6. A big company has decided to buy it from me. 7. My fellow students have begun to accept me for who I am.,attribute,attribute,object,object,8. I have had to work hard to live a normal life. 9. Some days I am too tired to get out of bed. 10. We must call on local government to give financial assistance to disabled people.,Adverbial (狀語(yǔ)),adverbial,object complement,一. 不定式在句中的功能 1. 作主語(yǔ): 那樣做是很幼稚的. To act like that is childish. 為避免句子出現(xiàn) “頭重腳輕”現(xiàn)象，常用it 做形式主語(yǔ)，將真正主語(yǔ)的不定式后置。 要學(xué)好英語(yǔ)不是那么容易的。 e.g. It is not easy to learn English well.,,2. 作賓語(yǔ) 她喜歡談?wù)撨@件事情。 e.g. She loves to talk about the matter. 他希望不久能找到工作。 He hopes to find a job soon. 他答應(yīng)不把這事告訴任何人。 He promised not to tell anyone about it.,常接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有： afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, attempt, begin, bother, care, choose, continue, dare, decide, demand, expect, fail, hate, hope, learn, long, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, promise, prove, refuse, want, wish等.,,你記得哪一條路到那兒?jiǎn)幔?Do you remember which way to get there? 下一步干什么你決定了嗎? Have you decided what to do next? 我來(lái)問(wèn)他怎么樣開(kāi)這機(jī)器。 I’ll ask him how to operate the machine.,1) 不定式有時(shí)和連接代詞/副詞構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)。,2) 有時(shí)不定式由whether引起。 I didn’t know whether to laugh or cry about it. 3) feel, find, judge, make, think, believe, consider 等動(dòng)詞后如果是不定式做賓語(yǔ)， 補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是形容詞(間或是名詞)，常用it作形 式賓語(yǔ)，把不定式后移。 I find it difficult to work with him.,,,She asked me to stay there. Please allow me to introduce Mr. White to you. Father will not allow us to play on the street. My brother asked me to clean the room with him.,3. 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):,動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+帶to的不定式,,,常帶 to 的不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有: ask, beg, prefer, help, promise, wish, want, expect, permit, request, allow, command, tell, invite, cause, encourage, warn, advise, persuade, force, order, remind, teach, 等.,在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中, 下列動(dòng)詞后作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式應(yīng) 省略to: “五看”(see, watch, notice, observe, look at) “三使”(make, let, have) “兩聽(tīng)”(hear, listen to) “一感覺(jué)”(feel)。 e.g. Who made him work all night long? The policeman saw a child play in the street. Don’t make the children do such heavy work. Shall I have him come here? 但是, 改為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)后, 應(yīng)補(bǔ)出省略的to。 e.g. He was seen to break the window.,The policeman saw a child play in the street. A child was seen to play in the street by the policeman.,,4. 作表語(yǔ) 不定式可用作表語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的具體內(nèi)容。 My work is to clean the room every day. 我的夢(mèng)想是成為一名醫(yī)生。 His dream is to be a doctor. 我的工作是幫助病人。 My job is to help the patient,5. 作定語(yǔ) 不定式放在被修飾的名詞、代詞后面，往往 表示未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 I have a lot of work to do. She is the first student to come to school. I have some books for you to read. She is looking for a room to live in. There is nothing to worry about.,6. 作狀語(yǔ) 目的狀語(yǔ): 常用的結(jié)構(gòu)—to do; in order to do, so as to do, so/ such …as to do, etc. I come here to say good-bye to you. 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ): 常與only , enough 或too連用。 He studied hard only to fail the exam. He is old enough to go to school.,,原因狀語(yǔ): 一般用在句尾 I’m glad to see you. She wept to see the sight.,二. 不定式的否定結(jié)構(gòu)： 不定式的否定結(jié)構(gòu)多由“not +不定式”構(gòu)成， 否定副詞 not, never, seldom, hardly 等要置于 to前。 請(qǐng)告訴你的小孩不要在街上玩耍。 Please tell your child not to play in the street. 她檢查名字為了不犯錯(cuò)誤。 She checked the names so as not to make mistakes.,三. 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)： 一般時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作, 有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的 動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生, 有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的 動(dòng)作之后。 He seems to know this.他似乎知道這事。 I hope to see you again. 我希望再見(jiàn)到你。 2. 完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的 動(dòng)作之前。 很抱歉給了你這么多麻煩。 I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.,3. 一般進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行, 與謂語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 他好象正在吃什么東西。 He seems to be eating something. 4. 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作從過(guò)去開(kāi)始并延續(xù) 至說(shuō)話的時(shí)候。 據(jù)說(shuō)她研究這問(wèn)題有好多年了。 She is said to have been working on the problem for many years.,Practice,She reached the top of the hill and stopped ______ on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest 2. We’re planning ______ a party next week. A. to have B. have C. having D. had,C,A,3. ---Which do you prefer ____ your weekends, fishing or watching TV? ----Neither. A. Spending B. to spend C. being spent D. spend 4. Did you find out _____ the pie out of the oven? A. When to take B. to take C. have taken D. being taken,B,A,5. _____ get a complete picture, further information is needed. A. In order that B. In order to C. Being D. To have 6. It’s necessary ____ some English grammar. A. for students to learn B. for students learning C. of students to learn D. of students learning,B,A,7. I ought to ____ him the news, but I forgot to do so. A. remember to tell B. remember telling C. have remembered to tell D. have remembered telling,C,8. I ____ you the exciting news, but you were not at home. A. meant telling B. meant to telling C. meant to having told D. meant to tell,D,For more exercises, click here.,高考鏈接,1. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good ______. (2008全國(guó)I卷) A. to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed,B,2. – Did the book give the information you needed? – Yes. But _____ it, I had to read the entire book. (2008北京卷) A. to find B. find C. to finding D. finding 3. I feel greatly honored ____ into their society. (2008北京卷) A. to welcome B. welcoming C. to be welcomed D. welcomed,A,C,4. _____ the project as planned, we’ll have to work two more hours a day. (2008湖南卷) A. Completing B. Complete C. Completed D. To complete 5. If there is a lot of work _____, I’m happy to just keep on until it is finished. (2008上海卷) A. to do B. to be doing C. done D. doing,D,A,6. When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there _______ for a space flight. (07江西卷) A. training B. being trained C. to have trained D. to be trained 7. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _______. (07浙江卷) A. to be heard B. to have heard C. hearing D. being heard,D,A,1. Summarize the rules of infinitive in your own way. 2. Finish the exercises of the textbook on Page 5.,Homework,同學(xué)們,來(lái)學(xué)校和回家的路上要注意安全,同學(xué)們,來(lái)學(xué)校和回家的路上要注意安全,