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111 Unit1 Friendship同步講解 I．同步講解部分： 第一階梯：難句解析 1.What should a good friend be like? 好朋友應該是什么樣子的呢？ What…be like?用于詢問對人或事物的評價。既可詢問該事物的外表長相，也可詢問該事物的性格特征。 e.g. 1)---What is your sister like? ---She is very beautiful. 你的姐姐是什么樣的？她很漂亮。 2)---What is your English teacher like? ---He is very kind. 你們英語老師是什么樣子的？他很善良。 3)---What is this map like? ---Very useful. 這張地圖怎么樣？很有用。 【相關比較】 1）What does sb. look like? 詢問某人的外表如何？（注意：此句型不能用于詢問某人的性格特征） 2）What does sb. like? 詢問某人喜歡什么？ 3）How does sb. like ? 認為……如何？（詢問對某人或某事的印象或評價） e.g.1)---What does your boyfriend like? ---Very handsome. 你的男朋友長的什么樣？很瀟灑。 2)---What does your father like? ---Reading newspapers. 你父親喜歡什么？看報紙。 3)---How do you like this film? ---Very interesting. 你認為這場電影如何？很有趣。 2.What qualities should a good friend have? 一個好朋友應該具有什么樣的品質(zhì)呢？ quality的用法： 1.cn.(人的)品質(zhì) e.g. She has all the qualities of a successful manager. 她具有一個成功經(jīng)理的所有品質(zhì)。 2.un.質(zhì)量（與quantity數(shù)量相對） e.g.1)While buying something, quality is the first thing that we should consider. 買東西時，我們應該首先考慮它的質(zhì)量。 2)Quality is more important than quantity. 質(zhì)量比數(shù)量更重要。 3.cn.特點，特征 e.g. The quality of summer is hotness while the quality of winter is coldness. 夏天的特點是熱，而冬天的特點是冷。 3.Should they be funny,smart or strong? 他們應該是有趣，聰明和健壯的嗎？ 【相關比較】 funny和fun funny是形容詞，意為“滑稽的，好笑的”；fun是不可數(shù)名詞，意為“有趣的人或事”。 e.g.1)Is there anything funny about it? 這件事情有什么稀奇的嗎？ 2)It is fun to chat with a funny boy. 和滑稽的男孩閑聊是一件有趣的事情。 【短語搭配】 1.for/in fun開玩笑地 2.make fun of…取笑…… e.g.1)We play basketball only for fun. 2)It is not right to make fun of the disabled persons. 4.You can use other words if you like.如果你愿意的話你可以用其它的詞(表達)。 此句中,if you like=if you like to use other words. 如果意思明確，like用于從句時，其后的成分可以全部省略。 e.g.1)You can go home now if you like. 如果愿意，你現(xiàn)在可以回家。 2)You can describe as you like. 你愿意怎么描述就怎么描述。 5.A good friend is someone who makes me happy. 好朋友是使我快樂的人。 ※who makes me happy是定語從句，修飾先行詞someone. who代替先行詞，在從句中充當主語。 e.g.1)Do you know the man who is standing there? 你知道站在哪里的那個男士是誰嗎？ 2)The woman who is quarrelling with that man is the man’s wife. 和那個男的吵架的女士是這個男的妻子。 ※make的用法： make 用作使役動詞時，用于下列句型： make+賓語+賓補（adj./n./do/done/介詞短語） be made to do(注意：在被動句中不能省略不定式符合to) e.g.1)All of us should try our best to make our motherland better and better. 我們都應該努力奮斗使我們的祖國越來越好。 2)We make you monitor of our class. 我們選你當我們班的班長。 3)After repairing,we make our car run again. 經(jīng)過修理之后，我們又讓汽車跑起來了。 4)I spoke in a high voice in order to make myself heard. 為了使我能被別人聽到，我大聲的說。 5)The lazy boy was made to clean the room. 這個懶男孩被迫去打掃房間。 6.Listen to the two friends arguing.聽一下這兩個朋友的爭論。 ※感觀動詞（listen to,hear,see,watch,look at,notice,observe,feel等）的句型如下： 1.感觀動詞＋賓語＋do（強調(diào)動作的全過程） 2.感觀動詞＋賓語＋doing(強調(diào)動作正在進行) 3.感觀動詞＋賓語＋done(表示動作與賓語是被動關系) e.g.1)I heard my neighbour singing now. 我聽到我的鄰居正在唱歌。 2)The thief was seen stealing in my house when I came back. 當我回來時看到小偷正在我的房子里偷盜。 3)I felt something fall on my head. 我感到有東西掉在我的頭上。 4)I noticed the windows cleaned. 我注意到窗戶被擦干凈了。 ※argue的用法： 1.argue(vt.)+n./從句 2.argue(vi.)+with sb. (about /over sth.)和某人爭論某事 3.argue for/against…為支持/反對…而爭辯 4.argue sb. into doing sth.說服某人做某事 e.g.1)Some students are arguing with the math teacher with a very difficult problem. 幾個學生正和數(shù)學老師爭論一道非常難的問題。 2)I argued my father into giving up smoking. 我說服父親戒煙。 3)The two manager are arguing the economic development of their companies. 兩位經(jīng)理正在談論他們公司的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。 7.What do you think they should do to solve their problem?你認為他們?nèi)绾尾拍芙鉀Q他們的問題？ do you think后面賓語從句的引導詞what,who,when,where等需要提到句首。和do you think用法相同的有：do you suppose/do you imagine/do you believe等。 e.g.1)When do you think we should set off? 你認為我們應該什么時候出發(fā)？ 2)Where do you suppose I can find my English teacher? 你認為我在哪里能找到我的英語老師？ 8.I don’t enjoy singing, nor I like computers.我既不喜歡唱歌，也不喜歡電腦。 ※enjoy后接名詞或動名詞（doing）而不能接不定式。和enjoy用法類似的有：finish,practise,mind,miss,escape,imagine,advise,allow,consider(作“考慮”解時)等。 e.g.1)All of us enjoy reading English novels. 我們都喜歡讀英語小說。 2)Would you mind my opening the window? 你介意我打開窗戶嗎？ 3)The luck dog escaped being killed. 這個幸運的狗逃脫了被殺的厄運。 4)Little Tom is imagining traveling on the moon. 小湯姆正在想象在月球上旅行。 5)They are practicing singing. 他們正在練習唱歌。 6)The poor boy who got away from home yesterday is considering going home now. 昨天離家出走的可憐男孩現(xiàn)在正在考慮回家。 ※nor意為 “也不”，放在句首引起倒裝。句型為：Neither/Nor＋助動詞/情態(tài)動詞/系動詞＋主語。 e.g.1)He can’t speak French, neither can his wife. 他不會說法語，他的妻子也不會說。 2)The manager didn’t attend the meeting, nor did the secretary. 經(jīng)理沒有參加會議，秘書也沒參加。 3)We are not defeated by SARS, nor are they. 我們沒有被SARS擊敗，他們也沒有被擊敗。 9.I hate hiking and I’m not into classical music.我討厭徒步旅行，對古典音樂也沒有興趣。 be into…意為“對……感興趣；熱衷于?！? e.g.1)I am into music.我對音樂很感興趣。 2)My wife isn’t into cooking.我妻子對烹飪不感興趣。 10.I don’t enjoy reading too much.我不太喜歡讀書。 【相關比較】 too much和much too 的區(qū)別： too much可以用作代詞，形容詞或副詞，在句子中可以充當主語，賓語，表語，定語或狀語。作定語時，too much+不可數(shù)名詞。too many+可數(shù)名詞。 e.g.1)Don’t eat too much. It’s bad for you. 不要吃太多東西，對你身體不好。（too much 作賓語） 2)Too much remains to be done. 仍有許多事情要做。（too much作主語） 3)The man must have drunk too much beer yesterday. 這個男的昨天肯定喝了很多啤酒。（too much作定語） 4)The history teacher talked a great deal too much.. 歷史老師說的話簡直太多了。(too much 作狀語) much too是副詞性短語，在句子中作狀語。后接形容詞或副詞。 e.g.1)The story the old man told was much too short. 老人講的這個故事太短了。 2)The young boy ran too much quickly. 這個小男孩跑得太快了。 11.I think that rock music is too loud,and I think that football is boring.我認為搖滾音樂太吵鬧，而且足球太無聊。 【相關比較】 boring和bored的區(qū)別： 兩個詞都是形容詞。boring意為“讓人乏味的，無聊的”。多修飾事物；bored意為“（自己感到）乏味的，無聊的”。多修飾人。 e.g.1)The boring story made us bored. 這個乏味的故事使我們感到無聊。 2)Are you bored after hearing the boring news? 聽了這個乏味的消息，你感到無聊嗎？ 12.I’m 15 and I’m fond of singing.我15歲，我喜歡唱歌。 be fond of…意為“喜歡……”，后接名詞，代詞或動名詞作賓語。 e.g.1)I’m fond of playing basketball while my brother is fond of playing football. 我喜歡打籃球，而我哥哥喜歡踢足球。 2)The little is fond of singing and dancing. 這個小女孩喜歡唱歌和跳舞。 3)What are you fond of? 你喜歡什么？ 13.Rock music is OK, and so is skating.搖滾樂不錯，滑雪也可以。 和neither，nor的用法類似。so位于句首引起句子倒裝，表示“某人或某事與前面所說的情況一樣”。句型為：so+助動詞/系動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語。 e.g.1)I like English, so does my deskmate. 我喜歡英語，我的同桌也喜歡英語。 2)If you go to the party tonight, so shall I. 如果今晚你參加這個晚會，我也將參加。 3)My father can swim, so can I. 我父親會游泳，我也會。 【相關比較】 1.so +主語（與前面所說情況的主語相同）+助動詞/系動詞/情態(tài)動詞 表示對前面所說情況的贊同或驗證。 e.g.1)I have finished my homework, so I have. 我已經(jīng)完成了作業(yè)，我確實完成了。 2)The young girl hopes to become a journalist. so she does. 小女孩希望成為一名記者。她確實有此希望。 2.主語+助動詞/系動詞/情態(tài)動詞+so 用于陳述一個事實。 e.g.1)The teacher asked me to clean the classroom,and I did so. 老師讓我打掃教室，于是我就打掃了。 2)My parents hoped that I could find a good job,and I did so. 我父母希望我能找到一個好工作，我真的找到了一個好工作。 3.So it is/was with+另一主語 表示另一主語的情況與前面所說情況相同。這個句型用于上文有兩個分句或上文有兩個(或以上)的謂語或者謂語既有肯定也有否定。也可以說成：It is the same with＋另一主語。 e.g.1)Mary like singing English songs ,but he doesn’t like reading English stories.So it is with Jim. 瑪麗喜歡唱英語歌曲，當不喜歡讀英語故事。吉姆也是如此。 2)Marx was born in Germany and German was his native language. So it was with Engles. 馬克思生于德國，德語是他的母語。恩格斯也是如此。 3)My father first visited Canada ,and then visited America.It is the same with my mother. 我父親先訪問了加拿大，然后訪問了美國。我母親也是如此。 14.Imagine that you are alone on an island.想象一下你獨自一人在一個島上。 ※imagine的用法： 1.imagine+n./doing/從句 e.g.1) I imagined living on the moon. 我想象生活在月球上。 2)Can you imagine life without water? 你能想象沒有水的生活嗎？ 3)I can hardly imagine that you want to be a president. 我很難想象能要當總統(tǒng)。 2.imagine+賓語+賓補(n./doing/to be) e.g.1)The boy imagined himself flying like a bird. 小男孩想象自己像鳥一樣的飛翔。 2)Try to imagine yourself to be on the Mars.What will happen? 試著想象一下你自己在火星上的情形。會發(fā)生什么？ 3)Tom imagined his father a millionaire. 湯姆想象他的父親是一個百萬富翁。 ※【相關比較】alone和lonely的區(qū)別： alone可以作形容詞和副詞。作形容詞時，在句中充當表語，后置定語或補足語。不可以作前置定語。lonely只能作形容詞。 alone指客觀狀況，意為“單獨的（地），獨自一人的（地）”；lonely描述一種心里感受，意為“孤獨的”。修飾某地方時意為“偏僻的，荒涼的”。 e.g.1)Peter alone went to school,but he didn’t feel lonely. 比特獨自一人去上學，但他并不感到孤獨。 2)She lives alone in a lonely village. 她獨自一人生活在一個荒涼的村莊。 3)After the party when all the guests went away ,I was alone. 晚會過后，所有的客人都離去了，剩下我獨自一個人。 15.Chuck is a businessman who is always so busy that he has little time for his friends.查克是一個很忙的商人，忙的幾乎沒有時間和朋友相處。 【相關比較】so…that…和such…that…的區(qū)別： 兩個短語都有“如此……以至于……”的意思。so后面的中心詞是形容詞和副詞；such后的中心詞是名詞。 需要特別注意的是：當many,much,little,few這四個詞表示“數(shù)量”的意思時，必須和so連用，而不能和such連用。 e.g.1)I was so poor that I can’t go to study abroad. 我太窮了，以至于我無法出國留學。 2)It is such a fine day today that we decide go out to hike. 今天是一個如此好的天，以至于我們決定外出徒步旅行。 3)We have so little water now that we should go to fetch some. 現(xiàn)在我們的水太少了，我們應該去取些。 4)There are so many mistakes in your article that you’d better rewrite it. 你文章里的錯誤太多了，你最好重新一遍。 5)She is such little girl that you shouldn’t ask her to do so much homework. 她是如此小的女孩，你不應該讓她做那么多的作業(yè)。（注意：此句中的little不表示數(shù)量，而表示小，故和such 連用而不和so 連用。） 16.One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes.一天，查克乘飛機飛越太平洋時，飛機突然墜毀。 ※【相關比較】across和through的區(qū)別： across強調(diào)從某物體表面通過，含義與介詞on相關。同時，還可表示“橫穿”；through強調(diào)從物體的內(nèi)部通過，含義與介詞in相關。 e.g.1)The stream flows through my hometown from south to north. 這條小溪從南到北流過我的家鄉(xiāng)。 2)The wounded solider swam across a river ,walked through a forest and finally found the army. 受傷的士兵游過一條河，走過一片樹林，最后找到了部隊。 ※when在此表示“正在那時，這時”（＝and just then）。 e.g.1)I was just about to go home when it suddenly rained. 我正要回家，這時天下雨了。 2)Joe was studying in his study when suddenly the light went out. 喬正在書房學習，這時燈滅了。 17.Chuck survives the crash and lands on a deserted island.查看在飛機失事后幸存了下來。登上了一個無人荒島。 survive的用法： 1.vi.幸存，活下來 e.g.1)Anyone who wants to survive in the world should learn as many things as possible. 任何想在這個世界上生存的人應該學習盡可能多的東西。 2)Only I survived after the terrible earthquake . 大地震之后只有我活了下來。 2.vt.幸免于…… e.g.1)No one survived the fire. 在這場大火中無人幸存。 2)Only the brave can survive the war. 只有勇敢者才能幸存于這場戰(zhàn)爭。 18.He has to learn how to collect water,hunt for food,and make fire.他必須學會如何采水，如何尋找事物和生火。 ※hunt for=look for意為“尋找……”。 ※make fire意為“生火”。 由fire構(gòu)成的常用短語有： 1.be on fire在燃燒 2.catch fire著火 3.put out fire滅火 4.light a fire點火 5.set fire to…=set…on fire放火燒…… 6.play with fire玩火 19.In order to survive, Chuck develops a friendship with an unusual friend－a volleyball he calls Wilson.為了生存，查克與一個非同尋常的朋友―一個他叫作威爾遜的排球－發(fā)展友誼。 in order+ do表示“為了……”。 【相關比較】 in order to,so as to,in order that和so that的區(qū)別： 這四個短語都表示“為了……”。in order to和so as to后面都接動詞原形，都可以充當目的狀語。但so as to不能用于句首。 in order that和so that后面都接從句，引導目的狀語從句。 e.g.1)He got up very early in order to catch the first bus. ＝2)He got up very early so as to catch the first bus. ＝3)He got up very early in order that he could catch the first bus. ＝4)He got up very early so that he could catch the first bus. ＝5)In order to catch the first bus he got up very early. 為了趕上頭班車，他起的很早。 20.He realizes that he hasn’t been a very good friend because he hasn’t always been thinking about himself.他認識到他不是一個很好朋友，因為他總是考慮自己。 think about意為“考慮；想起；認為” 由think組成的短語還有： 1.think aloud=think out aloud自言自語 2.think of①考慮，關系；②想起，記得 3.think of…as把…看作 4.think of…for考慮…是否合適 5.think out想出，設計出 6.think over仔細考慮 7.think up（口語）想出，發(fā)明 e.g.I am thinking about visiting my aunt this afternoon. 我正在考慮今天下午去看我姨。 21.Even though Wilson is just a volleyball,he becomes fond of Wilson.盡管威爾遜只是一個排球，但他非常喜歡威爾遜。 even though=even if意為“盡管，即使”，用來引導讓步狀語從句。 e.g.1)Even though I was old I will stick to studying. 盡管我老了我仍要堅持學習。 2)Even if I was killed I still will tell you the truth. 即使我被殺我仍要告訴你事情的真相。 22.He talks to him and treats him as a friend.他和它說話，并把它當成朋友。 treat…as…意為“把……看待成……”。 e.g. 1)The doctors treat SARS as their enemies. 醫(yī)生們把SARS病毒看作他們的敵人。 2)The villagers treated the missing boy as their own son. 村民們把這個走失的孩子看成他們自己的兒子。 23.Chuch learns that we need friends to share happiness and sorrow and that it is important to have someone to care about.查克認識到我們需要朋友來分享快樂和分擔憂愁，同時照顧別人是很重要的。 ※have的用法： have意為“有”時的句型： have sth. to do 主語自己有某事要做 have sth. to be done 主語讓某人去作某事 have意為“使，讓”時的句型： have sb. do 讓某人做某事 have sb. doing讓某人一直做某事 have sth. done使某事被做 e.g.1)I have a lot of clothes to wash. 我有許多衣服要洗。 2)He had a lot of housework to be done. 他有許多家務活要讓別人去做。 3)The boss had the workers painting the wall the whole day. 老板讓工人們刷了一整天的墻。 4)They had the old house repaired. 他們請人把老房子修理了。 ※care about意為“關系，在乎，介意”；care for意為“①（常用于疑問句和否定句中）喜歡；②（較正式用語）照顧”。 e.g.1)It is our duty to care about the old. 照顧老人是我們的責任。 2)I don’t really care for this kind of food. 我真的不喜歡這類食品。 24.He also learns that he should have cared more about his friends.他也知道他本應更關心他的朋友。（但是沒有） should have done意為“過去本應該做某事卻沒做”。shouldn’t have done意為“過去本不應該做某事卻做了”。 e.g.1)I should have told where I lived. 我本應該告訴你我的住址。 2)They should have asked their teachers for help. 他們本應該向他們的老師求助。 3)You shouldn’t have told lies to me. 你本不應該向我說謊。 25.When he makes friends with Wison,he understands that friendship is about feelings and that we must give as much as we take.當他和威爾遜交朋友之后，他明白了如此道理：友誼離不開感情；人既得到關愛，又須給他人以同樣多的關愛。 ※make friends with sb.意為“和某人交朋友”；make enemies with sb.意為“和某人作對”。 e.g.We should make friends with others not to make enemies with others. 我們應該和別人交朋友，而不是和別人作對。 ※as much as和as many as的區(qū)別： 兩個短語都表示“多達……”。as much as后常接金錢，時間，重量，熱量，丈量等方面的名詞；as many as后多接人或事物的數(shù)量。 e.g.1)The little boy earned as much as 1000 dollars every month. 這個小男孩每月掙多達1000美元。 2)There are as many as 2000 people in the square. 廣場上有多達2000人。 3)His bag weighed as much as 10 kilogramme. 他的書包重達10千克。 26.For example,many of us have pets,and we all have favourite objects such as a lucky pen or a diary.例如，我們有許多寵物，我們還有許多青睞的物品，如一支幸運筆或一本日記本。 for example和such as的區(qū)別： for example用作插入語，一般只舉同類中的一個例子。可以用于句首，句中或句尾，常用逗號和句子隔開；such as用來列舉同類中的多個事物，通常放在被列舉的事物的前面，其前后均不用逗號。 e.g.1)I like many famous singers－Zhang Huimei,for example. 我喜歡許多著名的歌手，例如：張惠妹。 2)Computers ,for example, were made in this factory. 例如電腦是這個工廠生產(chǎn)的。 3)She can speak many foreign languages such as English,French,Japenese and German. 她會說許多中外語，例如：英語，法語，日語和德語。 27.If you were alone on an island,what would you do in order to survive?假如島上只有你一個人，為了生存，你會怎么辦？ 本句是一個表示與現(xiàn)在情況相反的虛擬語氣句。 虛擬語氣在3種不同的條件句中的應用： 與現(xiàn)在事實相反 與過去事實相反 與將來事實相反 條件從句 謂語用一般過去時（be都用were） 謂語用過去完成時（had done） 謂語用一般過去時或用were to+do或should+do 主句 謂語用過去將來時（would/slhoul/could/might+do） 謂語用過去將來完成時（would/shold/could/might+have done） 謂語用would/should/could/might+do) e.g.1)If I were a millionaire ,I would help all the poor in the world. 如果我是一個百萬富翁，我將幫助世界上所以的窮人。（對現(xiàn)在事實的虛擬） 2)If I had followed your advice,I would have won the game.. 要是聽了你的忠告，這場比賽我就贏了。 3)If it rained tomorrow,we would stay at home. 如果明天下雨，我們就會呆在家。 28.We can’t stay here any longer.我們不能再呆在這里了。 not …any longer,no longer,not…any more,no more的區(qū)別： not…any longer＝no longer多與持續(xù)性動詞連用，指時間上不再延長；not…any more ＝no more多與瞬間動作連用，指做事情的次數(shù)不再增加； e.g.1)The president didn’t live here any longer. =2)The president lived here no more. 總統(tǒng)不再住在這了。 3)Chances lost will not return any more. =4)Chances lost will return no more. 失去的機會不會再回來。 第二階梯：短語背誦 1.a 5-star friend一個五星級朋友 2.argue with sb. about sth.和某人爭論某事 3.solve the problem解決問題 4.be into…對……有興趣 5.too much太多 6.be fond of喜歡 7.all the same一直 8.surf the Internet在因特網(wǎng)上沖浪 9.so+形容詞/副詞+that… 如此……以至于…… 10.all alone單獨地 11.hunt for尋找 12.make fire生火 13.in order to為了 14.think about考慮 15.even though即使 16.treat…as…把……看作…… 17.care about關心，愛護 18.make friends with和……交朋友. 19.as much as多達 20.for example例如 21.such as例如 22.regard…as…把……看作 23.be quick in mind and action思維，行動反應迅速 24.not …any longer不再 25.drop me a line給我寫封短信 第三階梯：語法小結(jié) 直接引語和間接引語（一）：直接引語是陳述句或疑問句轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語的方法 一．直接引語是陳述句轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語的方法 直接引述別人的原話，叫直接引語。用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人所說的話，叫間接引語。直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語通常是將原句變成賓語從句。直接引語一般前后都要加引號，間接引語則不用引號。直接引語變成間接引語時，賓語從句中的人稱，時態(tài)，指示代詞，時間狀語，地點狀語等都要發(fā)生相應的變化。 1．人稱的變化 把直接引語中的第一人稱變?yōu)榕c引述部分主語相一致的人稱；把直接引語中的第二人稱變?yōu)榕c引述部分的賓語相一致的人稱；直接引語中的第三人稱變?yōu)殚g接引語時，仍用第三人稱。 e.g.1)He said ,“ I like singing.”他說：“我非常喜歡唱歌?！保? He said he liked singing.他說他非常喜歡唱歌。 2)She said to me ,“I used your ruler without asking.”她說：“未經(jīng)允許，我用了你的小尺?！?－→ She told me that she had used my ruler without asking.她告訴我說她未經(jīng)允許用了我的小尺。 3)Tom said ,“John is a good teacher.” 湯姆說：“約翰是一個好老師?！保? Tom said John was a good teacher. 湯姆說約翰還是一個好老師。 2．時態(tài)的變化 直接引語變間接引語時態(tài)的變化如下： 一般現(xiàn)在時→一般過去時 現(xiàn)在進行時→過去進行時 一般將來時→過去將來時 一般過去時→過去完成時 現(xiàn)在完成時→過去完成時 過去完成時→過去完成時(不變化) e.g.1)She said, “I am afraid I can’t pass the exam.” －→ She said that she was afraid she couldn’t pass the exam. (一般現(xiàn)在時→一般過去時) 2)He said, “I’m reading newspapers.” －→ He said that he was reading newspapers. (現(xiàn)在進行時→過去進行時) 3)He said, “I will go abroad for further study.” －→ He said that he would go abroad for further study. (一般將來時→過去將來時) 4)She said, “I finished my homework.” －→ She said she had finished her homework. (一般過去時→過去完成時) 5)He said, “I have learnt 5000 English words.” －→ He said he had learnt 5000 English words. (現(xiàn)在完成時→過去完成時) 6)She said, “I had recognized the boy.” She said she had recognized the boy. (過去完成時→過去完成時) 3．指示代詞，時間狀語，地點狀語和動詞的變化 this－→that （這個－→那個） these－→those （這些－→那些） now－→then （現(xiàn)在－→那時） today－→that day (今天－→那天) yesterday－→the day before (昨天－→前一天) tomorrow－→the next(following) day (明天－→第二天) here－→there (這里－→那里) come－→go (來－→去) e.g.1)He said , “I will see you off this afternoon.” －→ He said that she would see me off that afternoon. 2)She said , “These problems are easy.” －→ She said that those problems were easy. 3)She said , “It is dark now.” －→ She said it was dark then. 4)She said, “I haven’t finished my work today.” －→ She said that she hadn’t finished her work that day. 5)He said, “ I will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.” －→ He said he would visit the Great Wall the next/following day. 6)He said, “my wife returned from London 40 minutes ago.” －→ He said his wife had returned from London 40 minutes before. 7)She said, “a dog is here.” －→ She said a dog was there. 8)He said, “I will come here to help you this afternoon.” －→ He said that he would go there to help you that afternoon. 4.特殊情況：（1）直接引語如果是客觀真理，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，時態(tài)不變。 (2)如果在當?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，here 不必改為there,動詞come 不必改為go. 如果在當天轉(zhuǎn)述yesterday, tomorrow 等時間狀語也不必改變。 e.g.1)He said, “The earth travels around the sun.” －→ He said that the earth travels around the sun. 2)The teacher said, “l(fā)ight travels much faster than sound.” －→ The teacher said that light travels much faster than sound. 二．直接引語是疑問句轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語的方法 當直接引語是疑問句，變間接引語時，要按照不同的疑問句類型進行轉(zhuǎn)變。 1．一般疑問句變?yōu)橛伞癷f／ whether引導的從句”。 2．選擇疑問句變?yōu)橛伞皐hether．．．or．．．／whether．．．or not引導的從句”。 3．反意疑問句變?yōu)橛伞癷f／ whether或that引導的從句”。要視說話者的語氣而定。 4．特殊疑問詞開頭的問句變?yōu)椤霸撎厥庖蓡栐~引導的從句”。 e.g.1)He said, “ are you tired?” －→ He said that whether/if I was tired. 2)“Is she a teacher or a writer?” the boy asked me．－→ The boy asked me whether she was a teacher or a writer． 3)“You have never visited Beijing，have you？”I asked the foreigner．－→ I asked the foreigner if／whether he had never visited Beijing. 4) “when do you go home?” he asked me. －→ He asked me when I went home. 111