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111 Unit 8 New ideas and inventions Section one Step I. Study the new words. Step II. Reading Read through the whole text and let them do the following simple questions decide T or F. 1. These ancient alchemists made the first explosives. 2. The ancient Chinese realized that the mixture could be used on something different at once. 3. At first the Chinese used new material to make the fireworks. 4. Bacon got credit for making the black powder because he used his invention. 5. Alfred Nobel left his money for prize after he died. Read the text more carefully and then find out the following phases: 1. burst into 2. burn down 3. be pleased with 4. over and over 5. look into 6. put one’s mind 7. speed up 8. be connected to 9. stay in shape 10. take in 11. break off 12. so far Step III. Practice 1. Translate the following phrases, compare verb+ing and verb+ed. boiling water __________ boiled water ____________ a boring book __________ a bored reader ____________ a closed store __________ the closing time ____________ 2. 動詞-ed形式接觸：找出下列句子的-ed形式，揣摩其用法。 (1) The mixture started to bubble and boil. (2) They finally designed a weapon that was powerful. (3) They took a hollowed piece of bamboo and filed it with the powder. (4) Then they stuffed arrows in it. (5) One-hundred years later, a man named Berthold Shwarts looked into this black powder. (6) It could be used to blow stones out of the ground. Step IV. Grammar: 過去分詞作定語、表語 過去分詞分為及物動詞的過去分詞和不及物動詞的過去分詞；及物動詞的過去分詞作句子的表語和名詞的定語及物動詞的過去分詞時，強調該動作完成和被動；而不及物動詞的過去分詞則僅僅強調該動作已經完成，如 fallen leaves（落葉） ,the risen sun（升起的太陽）, frozen milk（冰牛奶）, boiled water（涼開水）等。高考主要考察及物動詞的過去分詞作句子的表語和定語的用法。 Section Two and Section Three Step I. Study the new words. Step II. 難句分析 1. Some ancient Chinese alchemists were mixing some ingredients together to form something（they thought would make them live forever）. （1）省略了定語從句引導詞that。 （2）盡管that在定語從句中并不作賓語，但是由于插入成分they thought的介入，使得做主語的that帶有賓語的特征。定語從句可還原為They thought the thing would make them live forever. 其中the thing由that替代，做thought支配的賓語從句的主語。 2. 兩個that前一個引導賓語從句，后一個引導定語從句。劃橫線的短語的句子成分是 狀語，修飾動詞realized。 Step III. Practice 1. 短語比較 (1) 沸水, 開水 (2) 一本令人厭煩的書, 一個煩透了的讀者； (3) 關門的商店, 關門時間 2. 找出下列句子的-ed形式，指出其用法。 (1) The mixture started to bubble and boil. (2) They finally designed a weapon that was powerful. (3) They took a hollowed piece of bamboo and filed it with the powder. (4) Then they stuffed arrows in it . (5) One-hundred years later, a man named Berthold Shwarts looked into this black powder. (6) It could be used to blow stones out of the ground. Step IV. Grammar: 語法難點 1. 表能力 can 和 could可與be able to 互換。can只用于現在式和過去式（could）; be able to可以用于各種時態(tài)。例如：They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告訴你消息了。但是下列情況只用be able to： a. 位于助動詞后。b. 情態(tài)動詞后。c. 表示過去某時刻動作時。 d. 用于句首表示條件。 e. 表示成功地做了某事時，用was/were able to，不能用could。 例如：He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.他在戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)之前逃離歐洲。 注意：could有時不表示過去時態(tài): a．提出委婉的請求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。例如： — Could I have the television on? 我能看電視嗎？ — Yes, you can. / No, you can't. 可以/不可以。 b．在否定句、疑問句中表示推測或懷疑。例如： He couldn’t be a bad man. 他不大可能是壞人?！? 2. 表示請求、許可 may 比較正式, can 較口語化,二者可通用, could還可表示較有禮貌的請求, might 最有禮貌。 3. 表示推測, 可能性 可用may，can，must。may 只能用在肯定句和否定句, might的可能性要比may??；can 只能用于否定句和疑問句, could的語氣比can 更加不肯定,可能性更小。 must可能性最大，翻譯成“一定”。may not 表示“可能不”；can’t表示“不可能”，語氣很強。 4. 表示責任義務，或提出自己的建議 “應該”用should，ought to（語氣比should強）， “必須”用must （強調主觀因素）或have to (強調客觀因素) Exercises: 用適當的情態(tài)動詞填空 1. You _______ work harder if you want to succeed. 2. ____ I have some more tea? 3. Where _____ it be? It ______ be in your desk. 4. Who _____ it be? It _______ not be the headmaster for he is now attending a meeting. 5. I ______ read English very fluently. 6. He __________ swim across the channel when was only 12. 7. It ______ rain at any moment. 8. Listen! It _____ be Mother back. Let’s hurry up. 9. —What should I do? —I think you ________ read more books about your study. 10. It _____ not be him, but I am not sure. 111