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111 Unit 1 The written word Grammar---教案 Teaching aims: Teach the students knowleage about negative state Step 1:Lead-in: One picture of Beijing University: Beijing University is not one of the best universities in China. -----Negative statements Step 2: self-thinking The most commonly used negative words are: no, not, never and neither Step 3 & 4: Conclude the form(s) of negative statement Fill in 4 tables about the examples, types, structures, conclusions of negative statements. Part 1. Examples Structures Types conclusions 1.I do not think so. 2.I have never seen the film. 3.I do not like either of the films. 4.The problems remained unsettled. 1).助動(dòng)詞+not 2).全否定詞+肯定謂語部分 3).not+any/anyone/anybody/anything/ anywhere/either 4).? 帶否定詞綴的詞 全體否定 全體否定是百分之百地否認(rèn)一個(gè)事物的存在、成立或真實(shí)性。表示全體否定的否定詞有:no, not, nothing, nobody, none, nowhere, never, neither, nor, not...nearly, not...half, 以及not...possible 等. Part 2 Examples Structures Types conclusions 1.It is not uncommon to find her reading the newspaper. 2.Unless you read the novel yourself, you will never know what happens at the end. １）把否定詞not放在帶有否定前綴的單詞前面：這類雙重否定形式，是一種委婉說法，削弱了句子意義，語氣通常比單純的肯定句弱。 2)用否定跟含否定意義的連接unless, until, but等詞連用，構(gòu)成雙重否定，用來表示強(qiáng)烈的肯定 雙重否定 雙重否定是指兩個(gè)否定成分限定同一個(gè)詞或詞素；或是一個(gè)否定詞否定另一個(gè)否定詞，取得肯定意義的表達(dá)形式。否定之否定成為肯定，這是合乎邏輯的。 Part 3 Examples Structures Types conclusions 1.Not many people heard the speech =Very few people heard the speech. 2.Not all he said was to the point. 3.I can’t see everybody. 4.I don’t wholly agree with you. 1.not+many/much/very much/some/a phrase of time, distance or a noun phrase including quantities. 2.not+all/both/each/everybody/everything 3.以一般否定句的形式出現(xiàn)，即把否定主語的 not與謂語動(dòng)詞放在一起。 部分否定 含有總括含義的詞,用于否定句時(shí),只否定一部分，而不是完全否定.如all, everybody everything, always, both, wholly 等詞與not連用時(shí),在漢語中譯為 “不全是” “不總是”等. Part 4 Examples Structures Types conclusions 1.I wonder whether/if I shouldn’t bring an umbrella. =I wonder whether/if I should bring an umbrella. 2.I wouldn’t be surprised if they didn’t move soon. =.I wouldn’t be surprised if they moved soon 主句+ whether/if引導(dǎo)的否定陳述 if從句中的附加否定 將否定詞和whether /if連用,來表達(dá)對(duì)于某種情況的疑慮, 常用于口語中. I wonder whether/if … 一般用于表達(dá)個(gè)人的決定 I wouldn’t be surprised if… 一般不用于表達(dá)個(gè)人的決定 Part 5 Examples Structures Types conclusions 1. Pip can hardly wait to begin his new life. 2.The classis are far from disappearing. 3.Pip’s sister seldom has a kind word to say 4..Unless you read the novel yourself, you will never know what happens at the end. 5.The fortune sets him free from financial worries. 6.Joe would rather die than see any harm come to pip. 隱性否定是一種有意無形的含蓄否定,常用含否定詞的單詞,詞組,句型等來表示否定意義.這種否定意義用法隱藏在句子的深層含義中. 隱性否定 含有否定意義的詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu) 1.動(dòng)詞及短語動(dòng)詞： fail (+to do.), miss, ignore prevent/keep/ protect ..．from等2.名詞:absence, failure, refusal等 3.形容詞:few, little, free (from), far from等 4.副詞:hardly, seldom等 5.介詞： above, beneath, below, out (of) 等 6.連詞：unless, before, or 等 7.結(jié)構(gòu): too…to 太…(以致于)不 　　 rather…than “寧愿…而不”等 Step 5 Do Part A on page 9 Step 6 Finish Part B on page 9 Step 7. Homework: Do Part C1 andC2 on page 102 of the workbook Further studies 一般否定句 I don't know this. No news is good news. There is no person /not a person/not any person in the house. 2)特指否定 He went to his office, not to see him. I am sorry for not coming on time. I don't think/believe/suppose/feel/imagine you are right. 3)部分否定 I don't know all of them. I can't see everybody/everything. All the answers are not right.（并非所有答案都對(duì)。） All is not gold that glitters. （閃光的不一定都是金子。） Both of them are not right.（并非兩人都對(duì)。） 4)全體否定 None of my friends smoke. I can see nothing/nobody. Nothing can be so simple as this. Neither of them is right. 5) 延續(xù)否定 You didn't see him, neither/nor did I. You don't know, I don't know either. He doesn't know English, let alone/to say nothing of/not to speak of French. 6) 半否定句 We seldom/hardly/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing. I know little English. I saw few people. 7) 雙重否定 You can't make something out of nothing. What's done cannot be undone. There is no sweet without sweat. No gain without pains. I can't help /keep/ laughing whenever I hear it. No man is so old but (that) he can learn. 8)排除否定 Everyone is ready except you. He did nothing but play. But for your help, I couldn't do it. 9)加強(qiáng)否定 I won't do it at all. I can't see it any more. He is no longer a boy. 拓展： 一、否定之肯定 ??I.英語中的否定形式含有肯定意義。例如： 1.One?can?never?be?too?careful?in?one's?work. ??工作越仔細(xì)越好。 2.You?can't?praise?the?student?too?highly. ??這學(xué)生你無論怎樣表揚(yáng)都不會(huì)過分。 3.Having?walked?for?twohours,I'm?not?a?little?tired. ??步行了兩個(gè)小時(shí)，我非常疲勞。 ??如果說：I'm?not?a?bit?tired.意思則與上句相反，?意思是“我一點(diǎn)也??不累。” 4.He?has?no?small?chance?of?success. ??他大有成功的可能。 5.I?couldn't?feel?better. ??我覺得精神好極了。 6.I'm?told?that?he?is?no?fool. ??我聽說他很精明。 7.It?is?wise?men?that?never?makes?mistakes. ??智者千慮，必有一失。 ??II.英語中的否定的否定含有肯定的含義。例如： 1.No?one?can?read?the?story?without?being?moved?to?tears. ??人人讀了這篇小說都會(huì)感動(dòng)得流淚。 2.I?would?not?have?made?this?appeal?to?you?had?I?not?felt?sure??that?you?would?not?misunderstand?me. ??我深信你不致誤解，所以作此呼吁。 3.It?was?not?without?reason?that?he?said?so?at?the?meeting. ??他在會(huì)上這樣說是完全有原因的。 ??III.否定形式與其他詞匯搭配在一起常常產(chǎn)生肯定含義。例如： 1.I?cannot?but?admire?his?courage. ??我不得不佩服他的勇敢。 2.It?was?not?until?I?came?to?Beijing?that?I?saw?an?elephant. ??到了北京我才見到大象。 3.The?house?has?been?let,but?nobody's?moving?in?till?tomorrow. ??房子是租出去了，可是明天才有人搬進(jìn)來。 4.I?never?hear?such?a?thing?but?I?laugh. ??我聽到這樣的事總是要發(fā)笑。 5.This?problem?is?not?above?us. ??我們能夠解決這個(gè)問題。 6.No?one?is?truly?great?but?he?who?serves?the?people?heart?and? ??soul. ??只有全心全意為人民服務(wù)的人才真正是偉大的。 ??二、肯定之否定 ??I.在英語中有時(shí)形式是肯定的，但含有否定意義。例如： 1.All?music?is?alike??to?him. ??他不懂音樂。 2.Catch?me?doing?that?again! ??我可不會(huì)再干那種事了。 3.It?is?three?years?since?I?last?meet?you. ??我已經(jīng)三年沒有見到過你了。 4.You?are?telling?me! ??你不用說，我早就知道了。 ??II.雖然是肯定形式，但由于一些詞匯搭配而具有否定含義。例如： 1.It?is?too?good?to?be?true. ??這太好了，不可能是真的。 2.He?is?still?very?weak?and?the?work?is?too?much?for?him. ??他依然很虛弱，這工作他干不了。 3.He?would?be?the?last?man?to?say?such?things. ??他決不會(huì)說這種話。 4.She?was?astonished;this?was?the?first?time?she?had?heard?of ??such?things. ??她大吃一驚，她從未聽說過這樣的事。 5.I?have?read?your?articles.I?expected?to?meet?an?older?man. ??我讀過你的文章，想不到你這樣年輕。 ??III.比較級(jí)的一些特殊形式具有否定的含義。例如： 1.The?beauty?of?the?West?Lake?is?more?than?words?can?describe. ??西湖之美不是言語所能描繪的。 2.He?has?better?sense?than?to?be?carried?away?by?success. ??他的見識(shí)，不至于被勝利沖昏頭腦。 3.I?know?him?better?than?to?misunderstand?him. ??我對(duì)他了解較深，不致于會(huì)誤解他。 4.The?company?will?be?one?schock?manager?short.?So??much??the??better. ??這家公司少了一個(gè)草包經(jīng)理，豈不更好。 111