2772 光學(xué)三維測(cè)量機(jī)設(shè)計(jì),光學(xué),三維,測(cè)量,丈量,設(shè)計(jì) I摘 要逆向工程是當(dāng)前用于產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)和仿制加工的一種先進(jìn)手段，是集測(cè)量技術(shù)、CAD 技術(shù)、激光技術(shù)、材料技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)控制技術(shù)等為一體的高新技術(shù)，它針對(duì)現(xiàn)有的工件（樣品或模型） ，利用 3D 數(shù)字化測(cè)量?jī)x器快速、準(zhǔn)確的測(cè)得大量輪廓坐標(biāo)點(diǎn)，并對(duì)這些坐標(biāo)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行去噪，匹配加以構(gòu)建，修改后輸入到CAD/CAM 系統(tǒng)，生成 NC 的刀具加工路徑，或輸入 CNC 進(jìn)行生成所需的模具，或者生成某種格式的文件輸入到快速成形機(jī)將樣品模型制造出來(lái)。三維光學(xué)測(cè)量機(jī)就是這樣一種設(shè)備，它可以將在三維物理空間中的被測(cè)物體復(fù)制到三維數(shù)據(jù)空間當(dāng)中并進(jìn)行重現(xiàn)，我們稱之為建立三維模型。這種能力使三維掃描儀擁有非常巨大的應(yīng)用前景。由于逆向工程技術(shù)具有廣泛的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域和實(shí)用價(jià)值，因此，世界上主要工業(yè)國(guó)家紛紛投入巨資對(duì)此項(xiàng)技術(shù)進(jìn)行研發(fā)和推廣應(yīng)用，他們無(wú)不站在 21 世紀(jì)世界制造業(yè)全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的戰(zhàn)略高度來(lái)對(duì)待這一技術(shù)。目前該項(xiàng)技術(shù)已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于機(jī)械零部件的快速開(kāi)發(fā)、汽車和飛機(jī)覆蓋件的快速檢測(cè)和反求、快速模具、醫(yī)療及康復(fù)工程、家用電器、工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)、工藝品制作以及兒童玩具等領(lǐng)域，取得了巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。本次設(shè)計(jì)主要是完成光學(xué)三維測(cè)量機(jī)機(jī)械部分和控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)，本文提出的結(jié)構(gòu)光三維測(cè)量系統(tǒng)是一種光柵式結(jié)構(gòu)光掃描雙目視覺(jué)測(cè)量技術(shù)。由于是面掃描，所以，在速度上有很大的優(yōu)勢(shì)，可以很好的實(shí)現(xiàn)被測(cè)自由曲面的快速、高精度的三維尺寸測(cè)量。通過(guò)對(duì)測(cè)量機(jī)的個(gè)部分部件的設(shè)計(jì)，最后完成光學(xué)三維測(cè)量機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)工作。關(guān)鍵詞　逆向工程 三維模型 光學(xué)三維測(cè)量機(jī) 光柵 掃描AbstractIIReverse engineering is currently used for product development and imitation of an advanced means of processing, is set measurement technology, CAD technology, laser technology, materials technology and computer-controlled technology, which integrates high-tech, it addresses the existing part (or sample MODEL), using 3 D digital measuring instruments quickly and accurately measured the outline of a large number coordinates, and coordinates of these points denoising, match to build, the revised import to CAD / CAM system, generating the NC tool processing path, or enter CNC to generate the necessary die, or generate a certain format of the files into a rapid prototyping machine will be created by the sample model. Three-dimensional optical measuring machine is one such device, which can be three-dimensional physical space of the detected objects copied to the 3D data space and return them, we call it the establishment of three-dimensional model. This ability to 3-D scanner has a very great prospect. Since reverse engineering is a wide range of applications and practical value, the world's major industrial countries have invested heavily in research and development of the technology and application, they all stand in the 21st century global competition in world manufacturing strategy to deal with this highly A technology. Currently the technology has been widely used in the rapid development of machinery parts, automobile and aircraft coverage of the rapid detection and anti-seeking, rapid tooling, medical and rehabilitation engineering, home appliances, industrial design, craft making and children's toys, and other fields and achieved A huge economic benefits. The optical design is complete three-dimensional measuring machines and mechanical control system design, the paper's three-dimensional structure of optical measurement system is a grating structure of binocular vision measuring optical scanning technology. Since the scan, therefore, have great speed on the edge, you can achieve very good surface tested free of the fast, high-precision 3D measurement. IIIBy measuring machine parts parts of the design, the final completion of three-dimensional optical measuring machine design.Key words　 Reverse engineering Three-dimensional model of optical scanning Three-dimensional measuring machines Grating目 錄IV摘要 ................................................................IABSTRACT...........................................................II第一章 緒論 .........................................................1引言 ............................................................11.1 三維光學(xué)測(cè)量機(jī)的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展?fàn)顩r ..............................21.2 設(shè)計(jì)研究的目的和意義 ........................................31.3 本文的內(nèi)容安排 ..............................................41.4 本章總結(jié) ....................................................4第二章 光學(xué)三維測(cè)量機(jī)的測(cè)量原理 .....................................52.1 測(cè)量機(jī)的測(cè)量原理 ............................................52.2 三維測(cè)量機(jī)的特點(diǎn) ............................................52.3 控制系統(tǒng)原理介紹 ............................................62.4 本章總結(jié) ....................................................7第三章 光學(xué)三維測(cè)量機(jī)整體設(shè)計(jì)方案 ..................................183.1 設(shè)計(jì)要求 ....................................................83.2 光學(xué)三維測(cè)量機(jī)基本結(jié)構(gòu)分析 ..................................83.2.1 設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)和內(nèi)容 .........................................83.2.2 總體設(shè)計(jì)法案的擬定 .....................................83.2.3 光學(xué)三維測(cè)量機(jī)機(jī)械部分設(shè)計(jì) .............................93.2.4 控制部分設(shè)計(jì) ..........................................103.3 主要參數(shù)設(shè)定 ...............................................163.4 本章總結(jié) ...................................................16第四章 機(jī)械部分的具體設(shè)計(jì)及其硬件選擇 ..............................174.1 底座設(shè)計(jì) ....................................................174.2 滑動(dòng)體主要設(shè)計(jì) .............................................184.3 光學(xué)掃描儀測(cè)量系統(tǒng)的硬件組成 ...............................184.3.1 結(jié)構(gòu)光三維測(cè)量系統(tǒng)的硬件組成 ..........................184.3.2 CCD 基本知識(shí) ..........................................194.3.3 圖像采集卡 ............................................20V4.3.4 選擇結(jié)果 ..............................................204.4 光柵電動(dòng)平移臺(tái)基本結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) .................................214.5 本章總結(jié) ...................................................21第五章 光學(xué)三維測(cè)量機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 ....................................225.1 控制系統(tǒng)中電機(jī)的選擇 .......................................225.1.1 步進(jìn)電機(jī)概述 ..........................................225.1.2 電動(dòng)機(jī)容量的選擇原則 ..................................225.1.3 步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)的容量計(jì)算 ..................................235.2 聯(lián)軸器的選擇 ...............................................235.3 絲杠螺母副的選用計(jì)算 .......................................245.3.1 絲杠螺母導(dǎo)程的確定 ....................................245.3.2 確定絲杠的等效轉(zhuǎn)速 ....................................245.3.3 絲杠的等效負(fù)載 ........................................245.3.4 確定絲杠所受的最大動(dòng)載荷 ..............................245.3.5 計(jì)算軸承動(dòng)載荷 ........................................255.3.6 絲杠拉壓振動(dòng)和扭轉(zhuǎn)振動(dòng)的固有頻率計(jì)算 ..................255.4 絲杠的扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度 .............................................265.5 傳動(dòng)精度計(jì)算 ................................................265.6 本章總結(jié) ...................................................27第六章 總結(jié)和展望 ..................................................286.1 全文總結(jié) ...................................................286.2 展望 .......................................................28致 謝 .............................................................30參考文獻(xiàn) ...........................................................31附錄 1 ............................................................33附錄 2 ............................................................48