河北開灤集團(tuán)東歡坉煤礦60萬噸新井設(shè)計【含CAD圖紙+文檔】
河北開灤集團(tuán)東歡坉煤礦60萬噸新井設(shè)計【含CAD圖紙+文檔】,含CAD圖紙+文檔,河北,開灤,集團(tuán),團(tuán)體,東歡坉,煤礦,60,萬噸新井,設(shè)計,cad,圖紙,文檔
附錄A：中英文翻譯（原文）
高陡邊坡下采礦安全問題分析探討
我國大中型金屬礦山大多始建于上世紀(jì)5O～60年代。經(jīng)過幾十年的開采，目前，8O%的鐵礦將進(jìn)入中晚期開采階段，部分礦山在高陡邊坡下進(jìn)行深凹露天開采[1、2]。即使那些已經(jīng)閉坑的鐵礦，為了回收殘留在開采境界外露天邊坡上的剩余礦體(稱為掛幫礦)，也得在高陡邊坡下對礦石進(jìn)行強(qiáng)采。在高陡邊坡條件下采礦必然帶來諸多安全問題，文中基于大冶鐵礦2#掛幫礦開采實例，對高陡邊坡下采礦安全問題進(jìn)行探討。
1 工程背景
武鋼大冶鐵礦東露天采場自2O世紀(jì)7O年代由山坡露天轉(zhuǎn)入深凹露天開采，最低已采至168m水平，邊坡最高達(dá)440m，其高陡狀況為國內(nèi)外罕見。目前，東露天采場已經(jīng)閉坑，轉(zhuǎn)入了地下開采，但其邊幫區(qū)域存在有大量的掛幫礦體，為回收資源，需要對北幫的2#掛幫礦體進(jìn)行擴(kuò)幫開采。2#掛幫礦體為尖山主礦體的殘留礦，走向長6O～70m，厚度3O～50m，整個礦體被F13大斷層所橫穿[3、4]。由于掛幫礦賦存條件的特殊性，其開采一直是采礦界較為頭痛的問題，它涉及地質(zhì)學(xué)、采礦工程、巖土工程、工程安全與可靠性等多學(xué)科內(nèi)容。采出邊坡上的掛幫礦，屬強(qiáng)采行為，有兩方面的安全問題，一是采動條件下邊坡保留巖體自身的穩(wěn)定，其次是回采施工過程中的作業(yè)安全。兩者彼此關(guān)聯(lián)，相互影響，只有確保兩者都安全，才能實現(xiàn)開采目的。
2 邊坡變形安全監(jiān)測
高陡邊坡在掛幫礦開采期間受到很多因素的影響，在這些因素的作用下，巖體可能發(fā)生破壞，導(dǎo)致邊坡變形，其最極端的結(jié)果是邊坡喪失穩(wěn)定，產(chǎn)生滑坡。由于邊坡變形是一個自微觀變形向宏觀變形的轉(zhuǎn)化過程，一般自變形開始至失穩(wěn)有段經(jīng)歷，故可以在邊坡發(fā)生變形的過程中，采取適當(dāng)方法對其變形進(jìn)行監(jiān)測，確保其變形在安全范圍之內(nèi)，這樣就確保了邊坡的穩(wěn)定。通過變形監(jiān)測，掌握邊坡變形的發(fā)展變化規(guī)律，進(jìn)而對其進(jìn)行預(yù)報，防止邊坡的失穩(wěn)，減小邊坡失穩(wěn)時人員和財產(chǎn)的損失[5]。
2.1 監(jiān)測方案
根據(jù)大冶鐵礦現(xiàn)有儀器和工程需要，本次變形監(jiān)測的主要項目為表層巖體水平、垂直位移監(jiān)測。
2.2 測點布設(shè)原則
邊坡監(jiān)測斷面通常選擇在地質(zhì)條件差，可能破壞的部位。本次2#掛幫礦的開采由于受F13斷層的影響，開采區(qū)邊坡破壞形式可能主要為散體塌落和側(cè)向楔形破壞，因此，本次監(jiān)測方案主要考慮控制采區(qū)正上方的巖體變形和F13斷層上盤因開采引起的側(cè)向變形。
2.3 監(jiān)測網(wǎng)的位置
監(jiān)測網(wǎng)點分布于2#掛幫礦境界內(nèi)、外，它由3種點構(gòu)成：控制點、觀測點和監(jiān)測點。控制點設(shè)在受外界干擾少的穩(wěn)定處，選擇礦區(qū)內(nèi)能通視的國家等級點作為參考點；觀測點是用來架設(shè)觀測儀器的點，設(shè)置在已經(jīng)穩(wěn)定的南幫坑內(nèi)臺階上作為測量北幫位移的不動點，其位置要求能方便置鏡和測量人員的操作，礦區(qū)也有現(xiàn)成已埋設(shè)好了的點；監(jiān)測點用來監(jiān)測位移，設(shè)在北幫的開采境界外圍的位移區(qū)，在整個開采過程中保留。其坐標(biāo)用全站儀直接測得。其埋設(shè)方法要求用水泥沙漿包鋼筋樁，上固定架設(shè)棱鏡。受空間的限制，監(jiān)測點布置在開采區(qū)上方的一36m水平和F13斷層的兩側(cè)，計8個觀測點。其中，1#、2#、6#測點組成主觀測線，控制采區(qū)正上方的變形，4#、5#、8#測點控制F 。斷層西側(cè)的變形，3#、7#測點控制F13斷層?xùn)|側(cè)的變形。
2.4 監(jiān)測設(shè)備
采用礦山現(xiàn)有設(shè)備，監(jiān)測儀器為瑞士徠卡TPS400電子全站儀，其精度為2+2×10-6。
2.5 監(jiān)測要求
監(jiān)測周期為每月一次，如遇雨季或發(fā)現(xiàn)異常位移量則加密觀測。測量后作好詳細(xì)記錄，記錄要求包括控制點、觀測點和工作點分別的樁號及坐標(biāo)，觀測時間，天氣及氣溫，參與人員等。
2.6 監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)及分析
根據(jù)2#礦體的開采進(jìn)度，從2003-09～2004－11月對邊坡進(jìn)行了變形監(jiān)測，取得了掛幫礦開挖過程中的邊坡變形數(shù)據(jù)。依據(jù)露天礦監(jiān)測方法的特點，建立計算成果表格，通過統(tǒng)計分析可以得出2#掛幫礦開采過程中邊坡變形的特點。
(1)在掛幫礦的開采過程中，邊坡產(chǎn)生一定量的變形，尤其是在F13。斷層處的邊坡變形較大。
(2)邊坡向開挖臨空面方向變形，變形量與邊坡所在位置和高程有關(guān)。變形規(guī)律顯現(xiàn)。
(3)邊坡x、y向累計位移遠(yuǎn)大于其z向位移，并且X、y向全年日平均位移速率小于邊坡沉降量速率，邊坡沉降量較小。
(4)x、y、z三向全年日平均位移速率遠(yuǎn)小于經(jīng)驗預(yù)警值0．5mm／d。
(5)從回歸分析上來看，x、y、z三向累計位移量趨于穩(wěn)定，邊坡發(fā)生滑坡的可能性較小。
3 爆破震動安全及監(jiān)測[6～8]
3.1 爆破參數(shù)優(yōu)化設(shè)計
在工程地質(zhì)條件一定的情況下，礦山生產(chǎn)中各種爆破震動影響是危害高陡邊坡穩(wěn)定的主要因素，尤其是在裂隙較多、破碎帶發(fā)育的邊坡更是如此 大冶鐵礦2#掛幫礦的開采是在原采場高陡邊坡下進(jìn)行，且由于F13斷層橫穿礦體，因此回采爆破要確保高陡邊坡的穩(wěn)定，必須采用減震控爆技術(shù)，優(yōu)化爆破參數(shù)，以盡可能減小爆破震動的危害。
(1)在境界線上，有條件的采用預(yù)裂爆破，以便在形成一條裂縫，阻隔爆破地震波向保留巖體的傳播。用光面爆破，盡可能削弱生產(chǎn)爆破對保留邊坡的危害。
(2)嚴(yán)格控制生產(chǎn)主爆破的一次最大用藥量，用勤放炮、放小炮來有效控制爆破危害；一次最大用藥量≤600kg。
(3)采用單排逐孔爆破法來盡可能減小單響最大藥量。即每次爆破一排炮孔，并增大前后段起爆延期時間，起始就用較大段別的雷管，跳段設(shè)置，如：5、7、9、11、13等。同時，應(yīng)對高陡邊坡上掛幫礦開挖過程中的爆破所引起的震動進(jìn)行監(jiān)測，以期達(dá)到以下目的：①及時監(jiān)控開采過程中爆破震動的大小，確定其對邊坡的影響程度；②利用監(jiān)測信息控制爆破規(guī)模，優(yōu)化爆破工藝，正確組織生產(chǎn)，確保邊坡的穩(wěn)定。
3.2 爆破震動監(jiān)測
爆破震動監(jiān)測的內(nèi)容包括地表質(zhì)點振動速度、位移、加速度等。由于高陡邊坡的穩(wěn)定與質(zhì)點振動速度的關(guān)系最為密切，因此，本次監(jiān)測的內(nèi)容為質(zhì)點振動速度，這也是目前開展最普遍、工程上監(jiān)測最多的內(nèi)容。
(1)測試系統(tǒng)。爆破震動測試多用電測法。它利用敏感元件在磁場中的相對運動，產(chǎn)生與振動成一定比例關(guān)系的電信號，經(jīng)過二次儀表和記錄裝置得到振動信號。
(2)監(jiān)測儀器。采用成都中科動態(tài)儀器有限公司研制生產(chǎn)的IDTS 3850爆破振動儀，它與CD一1型拾震器連接在一起安放在測試點上。測試時，震動信號觸發(fā)振動儀使其自動記錄并將模擬電壓量轉(zhuǎn)換為數(shù)字量進(jìn)行存儲，這些數(shù)據(jù)可長期存放，即使斷電后也不會丟失。爆破完后，通過RS一232標(biāo)準(zhǔn)串行口與筆記本電腦通訊，由計算機(jī)進(jìn)行波形、譜圖的各種特征參數(shù)及測試結(jié)果的表格顯示、存儲和打印等。
(3)測點布置。考慮到F13斷層的影響，根據(jù)礦山的地形，采用以下測點布置方案：①在F13斷層斷面上布置兩個測點，因F13斷層貫穿2#礦體，因其爆破開挖必然對邊坡的穩(wěn)定產(chǎn)生影響；②在臨近爆破的邊幫上垂直布置3個測點，研究爆破對臨近邊坡的震動影響及爆破震動規(guī)律，保證邊幫的穩(wěn)定要求。
3.3 監(jiān)測結(jié)果分析
根據(jù)2#礦體的開采過程，從2003-09～2004-11月對爆破震動進(jìn)行了16次現(xiàn)場監(jiān)測，取得了掛幫礦開挖過程中的爆破震動數(shù)據(jù)。依據(jù)露天礦監(jiān)測方法的特點，建立計算成果表格，通過對監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析可以得出，在2#掛幫礦開采過程中爆破震動有如下特點。
(1)在對掛幫礦進(jìn)行爆破開采的過程中，各測點的垂直方向振速與水平振速相差不大，并且其最大振動速度遠(yuǎn)小于大冶鐵礦危險邊坡的臨界振速值22cm／s，故可以認(rèn)為現(xiàn)行爆破參數(shù)是可行的。
(2)爆破主振頻率遠(yuǎn)大于邊坡的自振頻率，因此邊坡不易破壞。
(3)爆破震動持續(xù)時間一般都在500ms以內(nèi)。
(4)在地質(zhì)條件一定的情況下，距離和藥量是影響爆破震動大小的主要因素，并且距離的影響較藥量敏感。
4 結(jié)論
(1)高陡邊坡的穩(wěn)定性。在高邊坡上開采掛幫礦的問題時，需根據(jù)邊坡穩(wěn)定性監(jiān)測的實際，做出目的明確符合實際的監(jiān)測設(shè)計，建立起實時監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)，確保邊坡穩(wěn)定。
(2)爆破對高陡邊坡的影響不容忽視，應(yīng)對其進(jìn)行減震控制，并根據(jù)現(xiàn)場需要，爆破震動進(jìn)行實時監(jiān)測，確保安全開采。
(3)在邊坡變形監(jiān)測和爆破震動監(jiān)測時，應(yīng)根據(jù)工程地質(zhì)和需要，布置監(jiān)測點，突出重點，兼顧全面，確保邊坡穩(wěn)定。
參考文獻(xiàn)：
[1] 事新基．霉天持地下開采不停產(chǎn)過度的探討[J]．冶奎礦山設(shè)計與建設(shè)，1999．
[2] 孛 明．黑旺鐵礦邊角礦律聯(lián)合開采的應(yīng)用[J]．金屬礦山，2001(12)，2O～ 23．
[3] 黃石墻礦工程設(shè)計l競有限責(zé)任公司．開采方案設(shè)計說明書[R]．武漢：武漢鋼鐵集團(tuán)礦業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司. 2003．
[4] 虞 玨．大墻鐵礦露天南迎坡掛幫礦開采技術(shù)的研究[D]．武漢：武漢科技大學(xué)，2005．
[5] 蔡路革. 馬建軍，用余圭等．巖質(zhì)南邊坡穗定性變形監(jiān)洲廈應(yīng)用[J]．全晨礦山，2005(8)
[6] 羅畚成．辱震對邊坡靜定性影響的研覽現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展[J]．礦業(yè)快報．2005．10．
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[8] 孫風(fēng)采．露天礦邊坡位移監(jiān)洲數(shù)據(jù)可靠性分析口]．礦業(yè)快報，2004．2．
High steep slope mining safety under Analysis
China's large and medium-sized metal mines are mostly built in the last century O ~ 5 1960s. After several decades of development, at present, of 80% of the iron ore mining into the advanced stage, Some mines in the high steep slope under Deep Surface Mining [1,2]. Even those who have the Closed iron ore, In order to recover mining residue in the realm of the exposed slope of the horizon remaining ore (known as the Hanging Wall Mine), also in the high steep slope under the ore-mining. In high steep slope mining conditions will inevitably bring about many security problems, the text-based Daye Iron 2 # hanging wall mining example, right under high steep slope mining safety issues were discussed.
1, the background
Wuhan Iron East Daye Open Pit century since 2 O 7 O's open mountain slopes into Deep opencast mining, has been adopted to the minimum 168 m level, the slope of up to 440 m, its high for the domestic and international situation steep rare. Currently, the East has been open stope Closed, transferred to the underground mining, but its regional presence to help edge of a large number of hanging wall orebody, for the recovery of resources; we need to help the North 2 # pegged to help expand help for ore mining. 2 #hanging wall of the Eagle's Nest ore ore mining residue toward long 6O ~ 70m, the thickness 30 ~ 50m, the entire orebody was F13 faults which crosses [3,4]. As the hanging wall ore occurrence conditions are unique, in their exploitation of the mining sector has been more headache is the problem, which involves geology, mining engineering, geotechnical engineering, safety and reliability of many disciplines. Produced slope on the hanging wall ore is a strong mining act, two of the safety issues, first, under the conditions of mining rock slope retain its own stability, followed by the mining construction process of the safety of operations. Both interrelated and influence each other, only to ensure that they are safe, mining purposes can be achieved.
2, the deformation of slope safety monitoring
High-steep slope mining hanging wall during the many factors, the role of these factors, Rock may be damaged, leading to the slope deformation, the most extreme outcome is the loss of slope stability, and cause landslides. Due to the slope from the deformation of a micro to macro - deformation of the transformation process, and the general deformation since the start of the instability is experiencing, Therefore, the slope of the deformation process and to take appropriate method deformation monitoring, ensure that the deformation of the safety net, thus ensuring the stability of the slope. Deformation monitoring, master slope deformation changes in the development law, and then it’s forecasting, to prevent slope instability, decreasing slope instability and damage to property [5].
2.1 Monitoring Program
According INGENIOUS existing equipment and engineering needs, the deformation monitoring of major projects for the rock surface, Vertical displacement monitoring.
2.2 Measuring points principles laid
Slope monitoring section is usually the poor geological conditions may damage the site. The 2 # hanging wall ore mining due to the fault of F13, Slope mining areas might undermine the main form of loose collapse and lateral wedge destruction, therefore, the monitoring program to control the main mining area to consider is the top 13 rock deformation and the fault is caused by the mining side.
2.3 Monitoring Network position
Monitoring networks located in two hanging wall ore realm inside and outside, which consists of three points: a control points, observation point and monitoring points. Control points are located in less outside interference by the stability, the choice mining area will be able to understand as the national levels as a reference point; observation point is to set up observation equipment, has been set up in the south to help stabilize the pit level as a measurement to help North displacement of the point The location request can facilitate home microscopy and measurement of the operation, the mining area has a ready-made laid a good point; monitoring points to monitor displacement, located in the North side of the realm of external exploitation of the displacement, in the entire mining process reservations. Total Station with its coordinates directly measured. Their methods and requirements laid with cement mortar package reinforced piles, on the erection of fixed prism. Subject to space restrictions, the monitoring points are deployed in the mining areas above a level of 36 m and F13 faults on both sides, total eight observation points. Of these, 1 #, 2 #, 6 # main components measured observation point line, to control the region is above the deformation, 4 #, 5 #, 8 # measured point control. The west side of the fault deformation, 3 #, 7 #control F13 measuring points east of the fault deformation.
2.4 Monitoring Equipment
Mine use existing equipment, monitoring equipment for the Swiss LEICA TPS400 Electronic Total Station, The accuracy of the 2 +2 × 10-6.
2.5 monitoring requirements
Periodic monitoring of once a month, once the rainy season or unusual displacement volume encryption observation. Detailed measurements after records, requirements include control points, observation point and point respectively and the segment of coordinates, observation time, weather and temperature, and other participants.
2.6 Monitoring and Data Analysis
According to 2 # ore mining progress From 2003 -09 ~ 2004-11 on the right slope deformation monitoring. Made a hanging wall ore in the process of excavation slope deformation data. Opencast monitoring method based on the characteristics of the establishment of calculated results form through statistical analysis can be reached 2 #hanging wall mining process slope deformation characteristics.
(1) In the hanging wall ore mining process, have a certain amount of slope deformation, particularly in F13. Fault the slope deformation greater.
(2) To the slope excavation empty direction deformation, deformation and slope location and the elevation. Deformation appears.
(3) Slope x, y to the total displacement than its z displacement, and X, y to the average annual rate of less than slope displacement settlement rate, the smaller slope settlement.
(4) x, y, z three days to an average annual rate of displacement experienced far less than the value of early warning 0.5 mm / d.
(5) From the regression analysis, x, y, z three to the total displacement has stabilized, slope landslide occurred less likely.
3, blasting vibration monitoring and security [6 ~ 8]
3.1 blasting parameters optimized design
Engineering geological conditions in certain circumstances, Mine production of various blasting vibration is high and steep slope against the main factor for stability, especially in the more fractured, broken with the development of slope especially 2 # Daye Iron ore hanging wall of the former mining stope under high steep slope, Due to F13 Faults intersected ore, coal blasting to ensure high steep slope stability, we must adopt damping control blasting technology to optimize the blasting parameters, to minimize blasting vibration hazards.
(1) in-line realm, conditional use presplit blasting to the formation of a crack, blasting seismic wave barrier to the spread of Rock reservation. With smooth blasting, blasting possible weakening of the reservation slope hazards.
(2) strictly control the production of a major blasting largest drug production and logistics and fireworks up small to effectively control the guns blasting hazards; a maximum dosage ≤ 600kg.
(3) single-row-by-blasting method to minimize ring for the largest single dose. That is, each blasting a hole Ranging shaped charge, and to increase after initiation of the delay, start using more of other detonators, hop setup, such as : 5,7,9,11,13, and so on. Meanwhile, a high steep slope should help ore made from discarded in the process of excavation blasting vibration caused by the monitor, with a view to achieving the following objectives : ① timely process control mining blasting vibration to the size, determine its impact on the slope; ② use of monitoring information control blasting scale, optimize the blasting process, correctly production and ensure slope stability.
3.2 blasting vibration monitoring
Blasting vibration monitoring will include surface particle velocity, displacement, acceleration, and so on. Due to the steep slope stability and particle velocity is most closely related, therefore, The monitoring of the content of the particle velocity, which is currently carrying out the most common and most works on monitoring the content.
(1) Testing system. Blasting vibration test more power measurement method. It uses magnetic sensor in the relative movement, and vibration have a certain ratio between the signals, after secondary instruments and recording devices to be vibration signal.
(2) Monitoring instruments. Chengdu Branch using dynamic equipment developed and manufactured by Limited IDTS 3,850 blasting vibration device, with a CD-a seismometer connected placed in a testing point. Test, triggering shock vibration signal instrument will record it automatically simulate voltage conversion to digital storage, these data can be stored for a long period, even after the blackout began will not be lost. After blasting through an RS 232 serial port with the standard notebook computer communications, computer waveform, spectra of the various parameters and test results form the display, storage and printing.
(3) Measuring point distribution. Taking into account the impact of F13 fault, according to the topography of mine, the following measuring point distribution program : section of the fault on F13 layout measuring point two, F13 fault runs through 2 # orebody, Blasting inevitable because of the slope stability; ② blasting near the edge on the vertical layout help three measuring points, Research blasting near the slope of the vibration and shock blasting laws to help ensure the stability edge requirements.
3.3 Monitoring Analysis
According to the 2 # ore mining process. From 2003 -09 ~ 2004-11 blasting vibration on the right of 16 on-site monitoring, made a hanging wall ore in the process of excavation blasting vibration data. Opencast monitoring method based on the characteristics of the establishment of calculated results forms of monitoring data for statistical analysis can be drawn. 2 # in the hanging wall mining process blasting vibration has the following characteristics.
(1) in the hanging wall ore mining blasting process, the measuring point, the vertical velocity and direction of the level of vibration velocity close, and the largest of its vibration is much less than INGENIOUS dangerous slope of the critical velocity value of 22 cm / s, Therefore it that the current blasting parameters is feasible.
(2) Blasting vibration frequency slope than the natural frequencies, it is not easy slope damage.
(3) The duration of blasting vibration is generally less than 500 ms.
(4) Geological conditions in certain circumstances, distance and amount of drugs affecting the size of blasting vibration of the main factors, and the impact of distance than the dosage sensitive.
4, the conclusion
(1) High and steep slope stability. High on the slope to help ore mining linked to the problem is necessary, slope stability monitoring the actual, make explicit purpose of monitoring compliance with the actual design and build real-time monitoring system to ensure slope stability.
(2) Bursting of the high and steep slope should not be neglected, should carry out damping control, and on the basis of need, blasting vibration for real-time monitoring to ensure that safe mining.
(3) The slope deformation monitoring and vibration monitoring, according to geological and engineering needs, and deployed monitoring points, focused, as a comprehensive, ensure slope stability.
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