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虛擬語氣(1) 動(dòng)詞的語氣表示說話人的態(tài)度和看法，可分為陳述語氣、祈使語氣和虛擬語氣。陳述語氣用來陳述講話人認(rèn)為是事實(shí)的事情，有肯定、否定、疑問和感嘆等形式。祈使語氣用來說明說話人的請(qǐng)求、命令等。虛擬語氣表示說話人的愿望、假設(shè)或建議，而不表示客觀存在的事實(shí)。虛擬語氣通過謂語動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來表示。,如果假設(shè)的情況發(fā)生的可能性不大，則用虛擬條件句。虛擬條件句分為三種，見下表：,If I had time，I would attend the meeting.如果我有時(shí)間，我就參加會(huì)議了。(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反) If I were you, I should seize the chance to go abroad. 如果我是你，我會(huì)抓住這個(gè)出國(guó)的機(jī)會(huì)。(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反) If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the exams.如果你采納了我的建議，你就不會(huì)通不過考試了。(與過去事實(shí)相反) If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. 如果你明天來，我們將召開會(huì)議。(與將來事實(shí)相反),If it were to rain, we should get wet.要是下雨的話，我們就會(huì)淋濕了。(與將來事實(shí)相反) If he should not come tomorrow, we should put off the meeting till next Monday.如果明天他不來，我們就要把會(huì)議推到下周一。(與將來事實(shí)相反),【單項(xiàng)填空】 ①Sorry, I didn’t finish my work. If I________ enough time, I________it. A．had; would finish B．have; could have finished C．had had; would have finished D．have had; have finished ②He is not native; if he were; we ________this discussion over his identity. A．would not be having B．a(chǎn)re not having C．had not had D．will not have,答案 ①C [由前句可知后句應(yīng)使用虛擬語氣，表示與過去情況相反。if引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)條件句中的謂語動(dòng)詞形式為：had＋動(dòng)詞-ed形式；主句謂語動(dòng)詞的形式為：would/should/might/could have＋動(dòng)詞-ed形式。] ②A [考查虛擬語氣的用法。句意：他不是本國(guó)人，如果他是的話，我們就不會(huì)在討論他的身份問題了。根據(jù)were可知，此處為與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣，而只有A項(xiàng)是虛擬語氣主句的結(jié)構(gòu)。],【單項(xiàng)填空】 ________strict with me when I was young，I could not be such a successful person now. A. If you are not B．If you were not C．Were you not D．If you had not been 答案 D [考查錯(cuò)綜虛擬語氣。句意：如果在我年幼時(shí)你沒有對(duì)我嚴(yán)格要求的話，我現(xiàn)在就不可能是這么成功的一個(gè)人。根據(jù)句意可知，此題中主句說的是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況，而從句說的是與過去事實(shí)相反的情況，所以從句要用過去完成時(shí)，故選D，如果采用省略句，其結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是had you not been。],【單項(xiàng)填空】 ①________ today, he would get there by Friday. But he won’t set off when it is raining. A．Would he leave B．Was he leaving C．Were he to leave D．If he leaves ②________ listened to the doctor, you ________ all right now. A．If you; are B．If you; were C．You had; would be D．Had you; would be,答案 ①C [由語境可知非真實(shí)條件從句表示將來不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情，故從句謂語動(dòng)詞的形式為：過去式(be用were)/should ＋動(dòng)詞原形/were to＋動(dòng)詞原形，如果省略 if，要將從句中的were，should，had等提到句首。] ②D [根據(jù)主句中的時(shí)間狀語now，可知表示與現(xiàn)在情況相反，故主句中謂語動(dòng)詞的形式為would＋動(dòng)詞原形。依據(jù)語境可知條件句表示與過去情況相反，故條件句中謂語動(dòng)詞的形式為had＋動(dòng)詞的-ed形式，省略if時(shí)，要將had提到句首。],(3)通過上下文的含義，句中往往有but，otherwise等。 I was very busy yesterday, otherwise I would have helped you.我昨天很忙，不然的話，我會(huì)幫助你的。 She would have said no. But that she was afraid. 要不是她害怕的話，她就會(huì)說“不”了。 If only I had more money, I could buy the apartment. 要是我有更多的錢，我就會(huì)買這套公寓了。 But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully. 如果不是聽了你的建議，我就不會(huì)做得如此成功。 The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy.沒有開放的政策，就不會(huì)有如此大的變化。,【單項(xiàng)填空】 ①Without water in the world, everything ________. A．will die B．would die C．would have died D．has died ②Thanks a lot. We ________the work on time without your help. A．hadn’t finished B．didn’t finish C．couldn’t have finished D．couldn’t finish,答案 ①B [without短語表示非真實(shí)條件，故句子使用虛擬語氣。因其表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，謂語動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)為：would＋動(dòng)詞原形。] ②C [根據(jù)Thanks a lot.可知without your help表示非真實(shí)條件，故后句中應(yīng)使用虛擬語氣，由語境可知句子表示與過去情況相反，故謂語動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)為：would/should/might/could have＋動(dòng)詞-ed形式。],議論文 【寫作任務(wù)】 假如你是本地報(bào)社的一名記者，要對(duì)昨天新華中學(xué)的學(xué)生就“是否允許醫(yī)學(xué)克隆存在？”展開的辯論進(jìn)行報(bào)道，下表是雙方理由和辯論結(jié)果，請(qǐng)據(jù)此寫一篇新聞稿。,【寫作內(nèi)容】,3．根據(jù)題目要求對(duì)辯論情況進(jìn)行客觀報(bào)道，準(zhǔn)確把握要點(diǎn)。準(zhǔn)確運(yùn)用高級(jí)詞匯并注意新聞?lì)愺w裁的語言特點(diǎn)。適當(dāng)運(yùn)用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)以提高文章的表述層次。注意篇章的整體處理和語言的連貫，并力求條理清晰、層次分明。,第二步：提煉要點(diǎn) 1．medical cloning 2．support the motion 3．serious illnesses 4．procedures would be safe 5．convincing 6．to oppose medical cloning 7．potential lives 8．a(chǎn) lively discussion,第三步：擴(kuò)點(diǎn)成句 1．The arguments for medical cloning were very strongly put by the team supporting the motion. 2．They argued that people who were losing their ability to move or think because of serious illnesses could be helped by medical cloning. 3．They explained that the procedures would be safe, quick and with no problems for the patients. 4．Their arguments were very convincing. 5．The arguments put by the team opposing medical cloning were less strong. They said that the procedures were not yet secure.,6．They also explained that it took many tries and many potential lives had to be killed to produce one usable embryo for research. 7．After a lively discussion vote was taken and the side arguing for medical cloning won.,【參考范文】 Yesterday_there_was_a_very_exciting_debate_at_Xinhua_Middle_School_about_whether_medical_cloning_should_be_allowed_or_not. The arguments for medical cloning were very strongly put by the team supporting the motion. They argued that people who were losing their ability to move or think because of serious illnesses could be helped by medical cloning. They explained that the procedures would be safe, quick and with no problems for the patients. They quoted that 67% of American citizens were for it to support their idea. Their arguments were very convincing.,The arguments put by the team opposing medical cloning were less strong. They said that the procedures were not yet secure. They also explained that it took many tries and many potential lives had to be killed to produce one usable embryo for research. After a lively discussion vote was taken and the side arguing for medical cloning won.,第3段：However, the others are strongly against it.(反方觀點(diǎn)) Their reasons are as follows. In the first place.What’s more.In addition.(列出2～3個(gè)反對(duì)的理由) 結(jié)論： 第4段 Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more good than harm, so I support it.(個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)),常用詞匯及結(jié)構(gòu)： 1．開頭可用的表達(dá)方式： We have a discussion about. We have had a survey on. 2．分別論證時(shí)用： Opinions are divided on the question. Opinions are mainly divided into two groups. Others have different opinions. On the one hand.On the other hand.,3．對(duì)某一觀點(diǎn)作進(jìn)一步論證時(shí)，可用what’s more/besides/in addition/furthermore/moreover等過渡詞。 4．提出多個(gè)論據(jù)時(shí)，可用First. Second. Third.來列舉論據(jù)。 5．進(jìn)行相似的比較時(shí)用in comparison，likewise, similarly, in the same manner等。 6．進(jìn)行相反的比較時(shí)用on the other hand，conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with/to等。,經(jīng)典對(duì)比選擇題(上) 1．I don’t enjoy________fun of others. I don’t enjoy________fun of by others. A．to make B．to be made C．making D．being made 答案 CD [第一句I和make是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式；第二句I和make是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式。],2．Something must be done to prevent the river from________. Something must be done to prevent people from________the river. A．pollute B．polluting C．pollute D．being polluted 答案 DB [第一句river和pollute是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式；第二句people和pollute是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式。],3．He regretted________her the secret because he shouldn’t have done so. He regretted ________me that he could not do so. A．to be told B．to tell C．telling D．being told 答案 CB [regret to do sth對(duì)將要做的事情表示遺憾或道歉；regret doing sth后悔做了某事。],4．He has given up______us physics because of his illness. What he has given up________ us physics because of his illness. A．is to teach B．to teach C．teaching D．taught 答案 CA [第一句的空后是賓語；第二句What he has given up是主語，is是謂語。],5．The boy who________faces now will be punished. The boy________faces now will be punished. A．made B．to make C．making D．is making 答案 DC [第一句有連接詞who，所以用句子作定語；第二句無連詞，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，表主動(dòng)。],6．He opened the door and found the snow ________the hill. He opened the door and found the hill________ with snow. A. covers B．cover C．covered D．covering 答案 DC [第一句snow和cover是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語的補(bǔ)足語；第二句 hill和cover是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用過去分詞作賓語的補(bǔ)足語。],7．He was very busy but she wanted to have him ________the clothes. He was so busy that he had to have the clothes________. A．washing B．washed C．wash D．to wash 答案 CB [第一句have sb do sth使某人干某事；第二句have sth done請(qǐng)某人干某事。],8．Do you know the woman ________by Jack? Do you know the woman________ Jack? A．been followed B．followed C．following D．follows 答案 BC [第一句the woman被Jack跟蹤，所以用過去分詞作定語；第二句the woman跟蹤Jack，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語。],9．This is an important letter. Don’t forget________ it this afternoon. Don’t look for the letter. You must have forgotten ________it this afternoon. A. to post B．posted C．posting D．post 答案 AC [forget to do sth忘記要做某事；forget doing sth忘記做過某事。],10．The decision was made ________soon after the meeting was over. Who was made ________the decision soon after the meeting was over? A. to know B．known C．know D．knew 答案 BA [第一句make sb or sth done使某人或某物被……；第二句是sb is made to do sth的句型。],