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本科畢業(yè)論文撰寫(xiě)規(guī)范及要求,,,論文選題及開(kāi)題報(bào)告要求 畢業(yè)論文內(nèi)容要求 英語(yǔ)畢業(yè)論文引文及參考文獻(xiàn)目錄格式要求,首先選擇一個(gè)大致研究方向、確定初步題目,然后逐漸縮小范圍,最后以問(wèn)題或假設(shè)的形式擬出一個(gè)針對(duì)性強(qiáng)的題目。題目忌籠統(tǒng)，抓好切入點(diǎn)。,1.選題定義：,以下為過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)的題目,1) The Body Language in Nonverbal Communication 2) The Intercultural Communication 3) The Western Culture 4) The Culture of America 5) English - Chinese Translation Theories 6) English Teaching in Middle School 7) On Non-Intelligence Factors to Foreign Language Learning,2.選題原則：,題目應(yīng)具有創(chuàng)新性、重要性和趣味性，也要注意可操作性，最后要考慮是否有足夠的參考資料。 創(chuàng)新性包括新的結(jié)論、對(duì)已有結(jié)論的補(bǔ)充或完善（如，新論據(jù)）、對(duì)某種問(wèn)題提出的新的或補(bǔ)充性的解決方案、親自調(diào)查獲得的新數(shù)據(jù)以及個(gè)案研究或分析獲得的結(jié)果等?？傊?，論文必須有自己的觀點(diǎn)。掌握前沿，在某一點(diǎn)上創(chuàng)新。 重要性是指選題力求實(shí)用或具有實(shí)際意義，能解決某個(gè)或某種現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題；也可針對(duì)某一有爭(zhēng)議的問(wèn)題表達(dá)自己的立場(chǎng)，然后搜尋材料以支持自己的觀點(diǎn)。同時(shí)論文要講究科學(xué)性，避免鉆牛角尖。 可操作性涉及時(shí)間的限制和論文長(zhǎng)度要求的限制。,3. 選題范圍,1) British and American literature 2) Translation Theories and/or Practice 3) English Language and Linguistics 4) Language and Culture 5) English Teaching Methodology (Approach to middle school teaching),1) British and American literature,a) Jane Austin’s Marriage Conception in Pride and Prejudice b) The Analysis of the Relationship between Love and Money in Pride and Prejudice c) Analysis of the Characterization of Elizabeth Bennet in Pride and Prejudice,,d) On the Ending and Features of O. Henry Short Stories e) Love Tragedy Caused by Puritanism in Scarlet Letter f) Feminist Ideas in Scarlet Letter g) An Analysis of the Image of Scarlet in Gone with the Wind,,h) A Brief Analysis of Hemingway's Life Philosophy in The Old Man and the Sea i) On Ernest Hemingway’s Attitude of the Lost Generation by His Work The Sun Also Rises j) A Research about Bronte Sisters and the Female Consciousness Demonstrated in Their Novels,2) Translation Theories and/or Practice,a) The Research of the Culture Factors in Advertisement Translation b) The Translation of Metaphors from the View of Cognitive Linguistics c) The Language Characteristics and Translation Skills of Business Contract d) Puns and Their Translation in English Advertisement,,e) The Use and Translation of Words in Business Correspondence f) On Chinese-English Translation in the Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Advertising Languages g) A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Idioms and Their Translation,,h) The Influence of Cultural Differences between China and the West on Translation i) An Analysis of English Metaphor Translation j) Application of Literal and Free Translation in English-Chinese Translation k) On the Effect of Context in Translation l) Translation of Investment-Inviting Texts,3)English Language and Linguistics,a) Affective Factors Influencing Foreign Language Learning b) On Motivation in Second Language Acquisition c) Impact of Language Anxiety on English Learners of High School d) Analysis of Rhetoric Use in English Literary Works e) The Symbolic Meaning of Color Terms in Chinese and Western Cultures,,f) A Study of Gender Difference in English Language g) The Influence of Body Language on the Effect of Speech身勢(shì)語(yǔ)對(duì)演講效果的影響 h) The Comparison of the Cultural Connotations about the English and Chinese Idioms英漢成語(yǔ)的文化內(nèi)涵對(duì)比 i) Semantic Fuzziness of Numbers in English and Chinese Idioms and the Translation j) Error Analysis in English Advertising Translation,,k) The Exploration into Chinese and English Verbal Humor from Cultural and Pragmatic Perspective l) A Study on the Cultural Differences in Chinese and English Euphemisms m) On the Development of Euphemism and its Social Value in Intercultural Communication,,n) A Study on Linguistic Features of English Advertisement o) On the Application of Metaphor in Advertising English p) Principles of Politeness in English Teacher’s Talk q) On Positive Transfer of the Native Language in Foreign Language Teaching,,r) On Fostering Autonomous Learning Ability in English Teaching論英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中自主學(xué)習(xí)能力的培養(yǎng) s) A Brief Study on Frequently-Used Figures of Speech in News Headlines t) A Comparative Study on English and Chinese Idioms with Numbers u) On the Application of Puns in Advertising English,4) Language and Culture,a) An Analysis of the Obstacles in Intercultural Communication b) A Comparative Study of the Factors Influencing Divorce in Chinese and Western Countries c) Comparison of Food Culture between China and the West d) A Contrastive Study of Traditional Wedding Customs between China and England,,e) Comparison of Chinese Spring Festival and Christmas f) Family Education Differences Between China and Western Countries g) Cultural Collision in Non-verbal Business Communication非言語(yǔ)商務(wù)交際中的文化沖突 h) Differences of Politeness Principles Between English and Chinese Cultures 中英兩種文化中禮貌原則的區(qū)別,5) English Teaching Methodology (Approach to middle school teaching),a) Psychological Analysis of Inferior Students and Corresponding Teaching Tactics in English Learning b) The Role of the Classroom Activities in Oral English Teaching in Junior School c) A Study of Improving Junior Students’ Oral English through Interactive Teaching Approach (利用互動(dòng)式教學(xué)提高初中生口語(yǔ)能力),,d) The Application of Cooperation Learning in Oral English Teaching of Middle School e) On Writing Skills of Disaster News in English News Publications f) A Brief Discussion on Effects of Seeing Films on Improvement of Oral English g) The Change of English Teacher's Role in Writing Class in Middle School,,h) An Investigation on the Negative Transfer in Non-English Major's English Writing i) The Relationship between Vocabulary Learning and Reading Comprehensive Ability Promotion j) Survey of English Reading Strategy among Senior High School Students k) The Development of Intercultural Communicative Competence through Intensive Reading,,l) An Investigation into Vocabulary Learning Strategies for English Majors m) The Application of Task-based Approach in English Listening Teaching n) Multimedia Network English Teaching and Autonomous Learning o) On Cohesion Principle and the Application in English Writing p) The Application of Role-play in the English Dialogic Teaching,4．開(kāi)題報(bào)告的組成部分,1) A brief introduction to your (pre-) research; 2) The significance of your thesis (or project), especially your own contribution to the field of your study; 3) The plan of your thesis; 4) A formal outline of your thesis.,二、 畢業(yè)論文內(nèi)容要求,（一） 論文題目（Title） 論文題目應(yīng)該簡(jiǎn)短、明確、有概括性，能反映論文特點(diǎn)、專業(yè)特點(diǎn)和學(xué)科范疇，字?jǐn)?shù)要適當(dāng)，一般不宜超過(guò)20字，必要時(shí)可加副標(biāo)題。所有實(shí)詞首字母大寫(xiě)。,,（二） 摘要及關(guān)鍵詞 (Abstract and Key words) 論文摘要是論文內(nèi)容不加注釋和評(píng)論的簡(jiǎn)短陳述，應(yīng)以第三人稱陳述。摘要應(yīng)具有獨(dú)立性和自含性，即不閱讀論文全文，就能獲得必要信息。論文摘要應(yīng)概括地反映出畢業(yè)論文的目的、內(nèi)容、方法、成果和結(jié)論。一般應(yīng)從以下三個(gè)方面著手：研究背景、本文主要內(nèi)容及本研究的重要意義或價(jià)值。摘要中不宜使用公式、圖表，不標(biāo)注引用文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)號(hào)。摘要字?jǐn)?shù)為200—300字，中、英文摘要和關(guān)鍵詞應(yīng)相同。,,關(guān)鍵詞是為了文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)引工作從論文中選取出來(lái)用以表示全文主題內(nèi)容的單詞或術(shù)語(yǔ)。一般每篇論文應(yīng)選取3－5個(gè)詞作為關(guān)鍵詞，關(guān)鍵詞間用分號(hào)，并按2個(gè)空格鍵分隔。最后一個(gè)詞后不打標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。,,（三） 目錄（Contents） 目錄頁(yè)由論文的章、節(jié)、條、附錄、題錄等的序號(hào)、名稱和頁(yè)碼組成，另起一頁(yè)排在摘要頁(yè)之后。章、節(jié)、小節(jié)分別按相應(yīng)要求標(biāo)出。目錄頁(yè)最多包括4級(jí)標(biāo)題。,（四）論文主體 （Main Body）,1． 引言(或緒論) （Introduction） 引言（或緒論）簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明研究工作的目的、范圍、相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的前人工作和知識(shí)空白、理論基礎(chǔ)和分析、研究設(shè)想、研究方法和實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)、預(yù)期結(jié)果和意義等。緒論應(yīng)言簡(jiǎn)意賅，不要與摘要雷同，不要成為摘要的注釋。(What, Why, How, Structure),,2、文獻(xiàn)回顧（Literature Review） 對(duì)于前人在相關(guān)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的研究的回顧、評(píng)述、介紹與總結(jié)。,,3. 正文 （Body） 論文的正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅，可以包括：調(diào)查對(duì)象、實(shí)驗(yàn)和觀測(cè)方法、數(shù)據(jù)資料、經(jīng)過(guò)加工整理的圖表、形成的論點(diǎn)、導(dǎo)出的結(jié)論等。論文必須實(shí)事求是，客觀真切，準(zhǔn)確完備，合乎邏輯，層次分明，簡(jiǎn)練可讀。論文中引用別人的觀點(diǎn)、結(jié)果及圖表與數(shù)據(jù)必須注明出處，在參考文獻(xiàn)中一并列出。,,4． 圖 （Diagrams） 圖應(yīng)具有“自明性”，即只看圖例，不閱讀正文，就可理解圖意。圖應(yīng)編排序號(hào)。每一圖應(yīng)有簡(jiǎn)短確切的題名，連同圖號(hào)置于圖下。圖題采用五號(hào)字。必要時(shí)，應(yīng)將圖上的符號(hào)、標(biāo)記、代碼等，用最簡(jiǎn)練的文字，橫排于圖題下方，作為圖例說(shuō)明。圖如系引用其它文獻(xiàn)或?qū)ζ渌墨I(xiàn)資料加工所得，則應(yīng)在圖題下或圖例說(shuō)明下注明資料來(lái)源。,,5． 表 （Tables） 表的編排，一般是內(nèi)容和測(cè)試項(xiàng)目由左至右橫讀，數(shù)據(jù)依序豎排，表應(yīng)有自明性。表應(yīng)編排序號(hào)。 每一表應(yīng)有簡(jiǎn)短確切的題名，采用五號(hào)字，連同表號(hào)置于表上。必要時(shí)，可用表注。表注應(yīng)編排序號(hào)，并將附注文字置于表下。,,6． 注（Notes） 如有必要加注，統(tǒng)一用腳注，不用尾注，標(biāo)碼按先后順序編排，全文一致。,,7． 結(jié)論或結(jié)果 （Conclusion） 論文的結(jié)論或結(jié)果是最終的、總體的結(jié)論，結(jié)論應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)確、完整、明確、精練。,,8． 參考文獻(xiàn) （References） 參考文獻(xiàn)是作者為寫(xiě)作論文而參考的書(shū)籍、期刊等，必須是直接使用過(guò)的，應(yīng)與正文夾注列出的書(shū)目一致。英文參考文獻(xiàn)和中文參考文獻(xiàn)分別歸類排列，英文在前，中文在后。英文參考文獻(xiàn)按作者姓名（姓在前，名在后）的英文字母順序排列。無(wú)明顯作者的（如字典、辭書(shū)百科全書(shū)）按書(shū)名的英文字母順序排列。中文參考文獻(xiàn)按作者姓名的拼音字母順序排列，無(wú)明顯作者的（如字典、辭書(shū)百科全書(shū)）按書(shū)名的拼音字母順序排列。參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)具有權(quán)威性，要注意引用最新的文獻(xiàn)。參考文獻(xiàn)須另頁(yè)打印，置于正文之后。,,9．附錄 （Appendix） 附錄與正文連續(xù)編頁(yè)碼。附錄中包括：與正文緊密相關(guān)的非作者自己的分析，證明及工具用表格等；在正文中無(wú)法列出的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)、問(wèn)卷等。,英語(yǔ)畢業(yè)論文引文及參考文獻(xiàn) 目錄格式要求,一、 論文中的引用格式 （用“夾注”的格式） 1.1 間接引用 （citations） A. 如果引用只涉及一個(gè)作家的某本專著或文章，而作家的名字在自己的行文中沒(méi)有出現(xiàn), 將該作家的姓氏和出版的時(shí)間用括弧括起來(lái)，放在句子結(jié)尾，注意該括弧算作句子的一部分，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)應(yīng)放在括弧之后。,,例: It has been argued that teachers’ role is to provide the students with optimal conditions which can facilitate learning so that students can achieve similar results (Bloom, 1976).,,B. 如果引用所涉及到的作家的名字已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)在行文中, 只需要在名字后面加上括弧, 填入出版時(shí)間即可。 例：Gould (1988) attributes Darwin’s success to his gift for making the appropriate metaphor.,,C. 如果引用涉及到的作家和著作的出版時(shí)間在行文中已出現(xiàn)，那就不再需要單獨(dú)的夾注了。 例：In a 1988 article, Gould explores some of Darwin’s most effective metaphors.,,D. 如果引用涉及到的著作是由兩位作者合著，則每次引用時(shí)都需把兩位作者的姓氏注出來(lái)，在夾注中用“&”，在行文中則用“and”連接兩個(gè)作者。 例：The disadvantages of the multiple regression analysis are that it cannot show the complex interrelations between independent variable (Bryman & Cramer, 1990). Bryman and Cramer also pointed out that…,,E. 如涉及到的作者超過(guò)兩人，第一次加夾注時(shí)，寫(xiě)出所有作者的姓氏，以后每次引用，只需寫(xiě)出第一作者的姓氏，其后加上“et al ”即可。 例：Scientists have isolated a gene connected to circadian rhythms in plants (Millar, Straum, Chory, Chua, & Kay, 1995) . . . . They identified the mutations that activated light-dependent pathways (Millar, et al., 1995),,F. 如果引用涉及到的著作由多位作者合著，加注時(shí)只需寫(xiě)出第一作者的姓氏，其后加上“et al.” 即可。 例：Naiman et al.（1978）found a similar relationship, although this case effort on the part of the learners was also associated with instrumental motivation (subsequent citations).,,G. 如果涉及到同一作者的不同著作，在括弧中按出版時(shí)間分開(kāi)；如果是同一作者在同一年的不同著作，在出版時(shí)間后用小寫(xiě)英文字母區(qū)別。 例：（Halliday, 1978, 1992）；（Halliday, 1967a, 1967b）,,1.2 直接引用（quotations） A． 如果原著作者的姓氏在自己的行文中沒(méi)有提到，需要把作者的姓氏，出版時(shí)間和引文出自的頁(yè)碼用括弧括起，放在引文的后面, 引文用雙引號(hào)。如果引文中原來(lái)就有引號(hào)，將有引號(hào)的部分改為單引號(hào)。,,例：Conceptually, motivation is seen as “the combination of effort plus desire to achieve the goal of learning the language plus favorable attitude toward learning language” (Gardner, 1985: 10).,,B. 如果直接引用所涉及到的作者有兩位，就用&連接. Based on different findings, it is proposed that “the type of motivation and its strength are likely to be determined less by some generalized principle and more by ‘who learns what in what milieu’” (Laser-Freeman & Long, 1993: 174).,,C. 如果直接引用所涉及到的作者有多位，除遵守以上A，B兩條外，其他規(guī)則與間接引用相同。,,D. 直接引文的字?jǐn)?shù)如少于40英文單詞或4行，引文直接放到段落中。否則引文單獨(dú)成段，段落用“齊頭式”，整個(gè)段落縮行5個(gè)空格，字號(hào)縮小為5號(hào)。引文不需引號(hào)，如引文中已有引號(hào)，保留原來(lái)的引號(hào)。,,…Raymond William explains that the word career has all but lost its original meaning. Career is now so regularly used to describe a person’s progress in life, or, by derivation from this, his profession or vocation that it is difficult to remember, in the same context, its original meaning of a recourse and a gallop— though in some contexts, as in the phrase “Careering about,” these survive… (1986: 10).,,1.3 轉(zhuǎn)引 (the quotation from a source other than the original) 如果你的引用不是從原著中獲得，而是來(lái)自二手資料，你就需要在引用完后用圓括弧注明來(lái)源，在來(lái)源前加上“qtd in” 的字樣。在參考文獻(xiàn)目錄部分，你就按引用的實(shí)際出處撰寫(xiě)條目。 例：Gothe wrote that “it takes more culture to perceive the virtues of The Magic Flute than to point out its defects” (qtd in Newman, 1958: 104).,,References/Bibliography/Works cited 在英漢參考文獻(xiàn)中，必須包含作者、作品名稱、出版地、出版社、出版年代，缺其中的任何一項(xiàng)均不合規(guī)范。,英文參考文獻(xiàn)的處理,一、書(shū)籍 一個(gè)作者 姓在前，名在后，中間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)， 如Noam Chomsky這個(gè)人寫(xiě)成Chomsky, Noam 或 Chomsky, N. 下面兩者均可： Chomsky, Noam. Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975. Chomsky, N. Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.,,兩個(gè)作者 第一個(gè)作者同上；而第二個(gè)作者名在前，姓在后，如John Smith寫(xiě)成 John Smith或J. Smith 兩個(gè)作者之間用&隔開(kāi) 如Noam Chomsky與John Smith兩個(gè)作者合著，寫(xiě)成 Chomsky, Noam & John Smith 或Chomsky, N. & J. Smith 下面兩者均可： Chomsky, Noam & John Smith. Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975. Chomsky, N. & J. Smith. Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.,,3. 三個(gè)作者 第一個(gè)作者姓在前，名在后；后兩個(gè)作者名在前，姓在后， 如：Chomsky, Noam, John Smith & Jane Eyre 或Chomsky, N., J. Smith & J. Eyre 下面兩者均可： Chomsky, Noam, John Smith & Jane Eyre. Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975. Chomsky, N., J. Smith & J. Eyre. Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.,,二、雜志 作者的寫(xiě)法與書(shū)籍一樣。但是文章名不用斜體不加引號(hào)，只有第一單詞的首字母大寫(xiě)，雜志名用斜體。如: Chomsky, Noam. My view on language. Linguistics, 1978, (7): 12.,中文參考文獻(xiàn)的處理,一、書(shū)籍 張三. 語(yǔ)言學(xué)[M]. 北京: 外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社, 2007. 張三, 王強(qiáng). 語(yǔ)言學(xué)[M]. 北京: 外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社, 2007. 二、雜志 張三. 語(yǔ)言的本質(zhì)[J]. 外國(guó)語(yǔ), 2003, (5). 張三, 王強(qiáng). 語(yǔ)言的本質(zhì)[J]. 外國(guó)語(yǔ), 2003, (5). 胡壯麟. 功能主義縱橫談. 北京：外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社，2000. 胡壯麟,方琰.功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)在中國(guó)的進(jìn)展.北京：清華大學(xué)出版社，1997. 胡壯麟,朱永生 & 張德祿.系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)法概論.長(zhǎng)沙：湖南教育出版社,1989. 黃國(guó)文.遞歸、級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)移與功能句法分析.外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究，1998,（4）: 47-51.,