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專項(xiàng)八 非謂語動(dòng)詞,一、做狀語 (1)不定式做狀語，常表示目的、結(jié)果或原因。 ①這機(jī)器容易操作，任何人都能在很短時(shí)間內(nèi)學(xué)會(huì)使用。 This machine is very easy ________ (operate)．Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.,Part,規(guī)律印證 考 點(diǎn) 落 實(shí) ， 步 步 為 “ 贏 ”,[邊 做 邊 悟],②(2013·湖南卷) 為了晚上保暖，我往火爐中添了木柴，又設(shè)置了午夜的鬧鐘以便再次添加。 ________ (stay)warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it. ③厚度和重量與先前版本的不同使得iPad 2拿著更舒服。 The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable ________ (hold)．,(2)現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞做狀語可表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨、讓步、方式、結(jié)果。 ④(2013·浙江卷) 聽到別人對你剛讀過的書的反應(yīng)會(huì)增添一份喜悅。 ________ (hear)how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure. ⑤(2013·湖南卷) 天空中太陽開始升起，使山脈沐浴在金色的陽光中。 The sun began to rise in the sky, ________ (bathe)the mountain in golden light.,⑥(2013·四川卷) 由于不知道要上哪所大學(xué)，女孩向她的老師征求意見。 ________(not know) which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice. ⑦(2013·山東卷) 蒂娜以前在那個(gè)自助餐廳吃過飯，所以她不想再去那里吃飯。 ________ (eat)at the cafeteria before, Tina didn't want to eat there again. ⑧(2013·安徽卷)建于20世紀(jì)初期，這所學(xué)校一直激勵(lì)孩子們對藝術(shù)的熱愛。 ________ (found)in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children's love of art.,答案 ①to operate ②To stay ③to hold [不定式置于形容詞之后做狀語時(shí)，如果不定式可以和邏輯主語構(gòu)成一種動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，那么不定式用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)。] ④Hearing ⑤bathing ⑥Not knowing ⑦Having eaten ⑧Founded,二、做定語 1．不定式作定語 (1)動(dòng)詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，不定式用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)意義。 試比較： ①I can't go with you to the cinema, because I have a lot of homework ________ (finish)． ②I will go to the post office.Have you got anything ________ (send)?,(2)在表示次序的詞：first, last, best等和表示時(shí)間的詞time, week等以及在一些抽象名詞如chance, warning, ability, ambition, attempt, offer, decision, anxiety, way等詞后作定語時(shí)常用不定式的一般式。 ③(2013·北京卷) 志愿服務(wù)給你一個(gè)改變生活的機(jī)會(huì)，包括你自己的生活。 Volunteering gives you a chance ________ (change)lives, including your own.,2．現(xiàn)在分詞作定語 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行。 ④(2013·山東卷)除了有一個(gè)立在角落里的書架，這個(gè)房間是空的。 The room is empty except for a bookshelf ________ (stand)in the corner. ⑤(2013·遼寧卷) Laura離家去巴黎待了一周多。當(dāng)她回家時(shí)，有一大堆郵件在等著她。 Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home, there was a pile of mail ________ (wait)for her.,3．過去分詞作定語 過去分詞表示被動(dòng)或完成。 ⑥(2013·四川卷) 明年將要完工的機(jī)場會(huì)有助于促進(jìn)這一地區(qū)的旅游業(yè)發(fā)展。 The airport ________ (complete)next year will help promote tourism in this area. ⑦(2013·天津卷) 在一些語言中，100個(gè)單詞就能組成日常交際中所用到的一半的詞匯。 In some languages, 100 words make up half of all words ________ (use)in daily conversations.,⑧(2013·陜西卷) 警察剛剛詢問的那些目擊者們對于打斗的描述非常不同。 The witnesses ________ (question)by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight. 答案 ①to finish ②to be sent [如果不定式所修飾的名詞是不定式動(dòng)作承受者，不定式用被動(dòng)式。] ③to change ④standing ⑤waiting ⑥to be completed ⑦used ⑧questioned,現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞做定語的區(qū)別： 表示被動(dòng)、完成用過去分詞；表示被動(dòng)、進(jìn)行用being done；表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作尚未進(jìn)行用to be done。試比較： (1)The bridge built in 2012 was designed by a local company. (2)The bridge being built now was designed by a local company. (3)The bridge to be built next year was designed by a local company.,有些過去分詞是不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的，不表示被動(dòng)，只表示完成。 如：boiled water(開水) fallen leaves(落葉) the risen sun(升起的太陽) the changed world(變了的世界),三、做主語 (1)動(dòng)名詞做主語往往表示一種經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的行為，不定式做主語常表示某一次具體的行為。 ①(2013·福建卷) 知道基本的急救技術(shù)將會(huì)幫助你對緊急情況快速作出反應(yīng)。 ________ (know)basic first aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies. (2)常用不定式做主語的句型有： It's difficult (important，necessary)for sb to do. It's kind(good，friendly，polite，careless，rude，cruel，clever，foolish，brave)of sb to do.,②不管你多么能言善辯，但有時(shí)候還是保持沉默更好。 No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it's better ________(remain)silent. (3)常用動(dòng)名詞做主語的句型有： It's no good (use，fun)doing. It's (a)waste of time one's doing. It's worth while doing. ③只抱怨而不采取行動(dòng)是沒用的。 It's no use ________ (complain)without taking any action.,(4)疑問詞＋不定式可以在句中充當(dāng)主語，賓語或表語。 ④何時(shí)動(dòng)身還不知道。 ________________ is unknown. ⑤我忘了該怎么辦。 I forgot ________________. ⑥我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。 I can tell you ________________. 答案 ①Knowing ②to remain ③complaining ④When to start ⑤what to do ⑥where to buy(get)this book,四、做賓語 (1)下列動(dòng)詞跟不定式做賓語 want，wish，hope，expect，ask，pretend，care，decide，happen，long，offer，refuse，fail，plan，prepare，order，cause，afford，beg，manage，agree，promise等。 注意：如果作賓語的動(dòng)詞不定式后面有賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，要用it作形式賓語，置于謂語動(dòng)詞的后面，而將動(dòng)詞不定式放到賓語補(bǔ)足語后面。 ①They found it hard ________________ English. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)英語很難。 ②Don't you think it better ________________ it this way? 你難道不認(rèn)為用這種方式翻譯它會(huì)更好些？,(2)在下列動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語后用動(dòng)名詞做賓語： enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay，imagine, keep, miss, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent.(from), keep.from, stop.(from), protect.from, set about, be engaged in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on等。 ③人通過犯錯(cuò)誤并改正錯(cuò)誤來學(xué)習(xí)語言。 One learns a language by making mistakes and ________ ( correct)them.,在以下句型中in可以省略，其后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語。 have difficulty/trouble/problem (in)doing sth there is no point/good/use (in)doing sth spend time/money (in)doing sth,(3)在forget，remember，stop，regret，try，mean等動(dòng)詞后跟不定式與動(dòng)名詞意義不同，不定式表示謂語動(dòng)詞之后的動(dòng)作，而動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前。 I regret to tell you that I can't go to your birthday party. They regretted agreeing to the plan. He tried to pretend to share in the pleasure with his friend. She tried reading a novel，but that couldn't make her forget her sorrow. I didn't mean to hurt you. A friend indeed means helping others for nothing in return.,④蘇姍不想依賴父母。她試著一個(gè)人生活，但不喜歡這樣，又搬回家去了。 Susan wanted to be independent of her parents.She tried ________ (live)alone, but she didn't like it and moved back home.,(4)動(dòng)名詞作need，want，require，be worth的賓語時(shí)，用主動(dòng)式代替被動(dòng)式。 ⑤The washing machine needs ________________.這臺(tái)洗衣機(jī)需要修理。 ⑥This English novel is worth ________________. 這本英文小說值得一讀。 ⑦There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars that road conditions need ________________(improve)． 私家車備受青睞也牽涉到一個(gè)新的問題——路況需要改善。,答案 ①to learn ②to translate ③correcting ④living ⑤repairing/to be repaired ⑥r(nóng)eading ⑦improving/ to be improved,五、做賓語補(bǔ)足語 (1)以下動(dòng)詞后跟不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語： ask，tell，beg，allow，want，like，hate，force，invite，persuade，advise，order，cause，encourage，wait for，call on，permit，forbid The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. We wish him to remain and accept the post.(注意hope后跟不定式做賓補(bǔ)。),(2)有些動(dòng)詞后的復(fù)合賓語用不帶“to”的不定式，這些動(dòng)詞有感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel, observe和使役動(dòng)詞make, let, have等。 ①(2013·北京卷) 當(dāng)我們看到道路被雪阻斷了時(shí)，我們決定在家度假。 When we saw the road ________ (block)with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home. ②(2013·陜西卷) 讓那些需要幫助的人們明白，我們會(huì)竭盡全力去幫助他們。 Let those in need ________ (understand)that we will go all out to help them. 答案 ①blocked ②understand,注意：have/get sth done結(jié)構(gòu)中，done的動(dòng)作不是句子的主語及賓語去做的，而是另外的人去做的。 I have had my hair cut. make＋oneself＋過去分詞(做賓補(bǔ))表示讓某事由別人去做，這些過去分詞有 heard, known, understood, noticed, believed等。 You'd better make yourself understood. There was such a noise that he couldn't make himself heard.,六、做表語 (1)不定式、動(dòng)名詞與分詞作表語的區(qū)別。不定式和動(dòng)名詞作表語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞作表語，含義是回答主語“是什么”；分詞作表語相當(dāng)于形容詞作表語，含義是回答主語“怎么樣”。 ①(2013·重慶卷) 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)啟動(dòng)不了了，它好像出問題了。 The engine just won't start.Something seems ________ (go)wrong with it. ②現(xiàn)在我們有聊天室，能傳遞文本信息，還可以發(fā)電子郵件……但是我們似乎正在失去面對面交流的技能。 Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, emailing.but we seem ________ (lose)the art of communicating face to face.,③ 四月份，成千上萬的度假者由于火山灰的影響而被滯留在國外。 In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained ________ (stick)abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud. 答案 ①to have gone ②to be losing ③stuck,(2)現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作表語的區(qū)別。現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作表語都是用于回答主語“怎么樣”的?，F(xiàn)在分詞說明主語的特征，過去分詞說明主語的狀態(tài)。 This dog is frightening.這條狗讓人害怕。(說明狗的特征) This dog is frightened.這條狗有些害怕。(說明狗的心理狀態(tài)) Climbing is tiring and we are completely tired after a day's climbing. 爬山是累人的，爬了一天的山我們?nèi)祭蹓牧恕?tiring說明climbing的特征，tired說明我們的狀態(tài)),1．【誤】 We don't allow to smoke in the lecture hall. 【正】 We don't allow smoking in the lecture hall. 【正】 We don't allow people to smoke in the lecture hall. 解析 考查固定結(jié)構(gòu)。注意區(qū)分 allow doing sth.和 allow sb to do sth，以及相關(guān)詞的用法。,[考 點(diǎn) 警 示],2．【誤】 She was the first person thinking of the idea. 【正】 She was the first person to think of the idea. 解析 當(dāng)序數(shù)詞所修飾的名詞帶定語時(shí)，此定語通常由不定式來充當(dāng)。 3．【誤】 The question being discussed at tomorrow's meeting is a very important one. 【正】 The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is a very important one. 解析 being discussed 表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，而根據(jù) at tomorrow's meeting 可判斷動(dòng)作發(fā)生在將來，故用 to be discussed 表示。,4．【誤】 This boy was seen come late this morning. 【正】 This boy was seen to come late this morning. 解析 see，watch 等動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，其后不定式一般需要帶 to 。 5．【誤】 I've been looking forward to hear from you. 【正】 I've been looking forward to hearing from you. 解析 在 look forward to 中 to 為介詞，所以應(yīng)用動(dòng)名詞作賓語。,6．【誤】 This is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 【正】 It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 解析 作形式主語，代替動(dòng)詞的-ing 形式，只能用 it 。 7．【誤】 The flowers need being watered. 【正】 The flowers need watering /to be watered. 解析 need，want，require 等動(dòng)詞的主語為物時(shí)，后面跟動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式或接不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“……需要被……”,8．(1)【誤】 I could see the house having been beautifully decorated. 【正】 I could see the house beautifully decorated. (2)【誤】 The book having been written long ago is hard for us to understand today. 【正】 The book written long ago is hard for us to under-stand today. 解析 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式通常不作定語或補(bǔ)足語。,9．(1)【誤】 Having found the cause，the experiment continued. 【正】 Having found the cause，they continued the experiment. (Having found ＝ After/When they had found) (2)【誤】 Seeing from the top of the hill，the city looks more beautiful. 【正】 Seen from the top of the hill，the city looks more beautiful.(Seen ＝When the city is seen) 解析 作狀語的分詞，其邏輯主語必須同句中的主語一致，現(xiàn)在分詞與其邏輯主語有主動(dòng)關(guān)系，而過去分詞則與其邏輯主語有被動(dòng)關(guān)系。,10．(1)【誤】 Having not finished his homework，he didn't want to go to bed. 【正】 Not having finished his homework，he didn't want to go to bed. (2)【誤】 Mother warns us to not play in the street. 【正】 Mother warns us not to play in the street. 解析 非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定式中，not 必須放在非謂語動(dòng)詞的最前面。,1．非謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài) ①迪娜努力了好幾個(gè)月，想找一份侍者的工作，終于在當(dāng)?shù)氐囊患覐V告公司找到了一個(gè)職位。 Dina, ________ (struggle)for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency. ②The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported ________ (break)the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.,[易 錯(cuò) 防 范],2．非謂語動(dòng)詞的語態(tài) ③ China recently tightened its water controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from ________ (attack)in the South China Sea. 答案 ①having struggled ②to have broken ③being attacked,