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2019-2020年高中英語語法復(fù)習(xí)9 動(dòng)詞詞義辨析 動(dòng)詞是是各類考試的重點(diǎn)，高考試題中，單項(xiàng)填空、完形填空和改錯(cuò)等三項(xiàng)題型中，動(dòng)詞辨義的比重較大，并逐年增加。動(dòng)詞辨義主要指：1、形狀相同的動(dòng)詞之間辨義。如：lie, lay; hanged, hung; rise, raise; sit, seat等。2、意義相近的動(dòng)詞之間辨義。如：borrow, lend; speak, say, talk; hope, wish等。3、動(dòng)詞與其它詞形相近、意義相似的詞的辨義。如：advise, advice; cost, worth; pass, past 等。4、意義不同，但容易混淆的動(dòng)詞的辨義。如：explain, say; discover, invent, uncover; find, find out等。5、某些常用動(dòng)詞的習(xí)慣用法的辨義。如：ask, give, call, make, find, get, keep, want, see, hear等。6、某些常用動(dòng)詞短語的辨義。如：give in, give up, turn on, turn off, turn down, turn up等。 （一）易混動(dòng)詞 1、lay（放）, lie（躺）與lie（說謊）：這三個(gè)易混動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成見下表： 中 文 原 形 過 去 式 過去分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 說 明 放 lay laid laid laying 及物動(dòng)詞 躺 lie lay lain lying 不及物動(dòng)詞 說謊 lie lied lied lying 不及物動(dòng)詞 3、hear與listen to：hear側(cè)重點(diǎn)是聽到，聽見什么，而listen to是側(cè)重于聽的傾向，但hear用于無意中的聽見，而listen to卻用于集中注意力的聽。 4、see, watch和look：see用作看電影，劇目；watch則用作看電視比賽，而watch還有在旁觀看之意。如：Are you going to play or only watch?；look一般用作不及物動(dòng)詞，只是當(dāng)盯著某人看時(shí)用作及物動(dòng)詞，如：The little boy looked me in the face.（小男孩直盯著我的臉。） 5、wind和wound：wind意為蜿蜒而行，其過去式與過去分詞都是wound，而動(dòng)詞原形wound意為傷害，其過去式、過去分詞都是wounded。 6、hang的用法：hang有兩個(gè)意思：一為懸掛，是不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，過去式、過去分詞都是hung；二為絞刑，是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，其過去式、過去分詞都是hanged。 7、hear的過去分詞born與borne：bear作為出生講有兩個(gè)過去分詞born，borne。只有當(dāng)be+born…短語后沒有by介詞短語時(shí)，才可用born。如:He was born in Shanghai. 而作它用時(shí)要用borne。如：She has borne five children. 但如果作忍受講，則一律用borne。 8、sit與seat：seat為及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)是作容納講，sit只是表示一動(dòng)作。seat如果表示就座時(shí)要用be seated。如：They were seated at their desks. 或用seat oneself, 比如:I seated myself in the armchair. 9、borrow, lend與keep：借入英文中用borrow，借出用lend，但這兩個(gè)詞都是截止性動(dòng)詞或瞬間動(dòng)詞，不能用于長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，所以我能借多久應(yīng)用keep。 10、win與beat：win作勝、贏講時(shí)其后應(yīng)接，a game, an argument, a battle, a prize, a contest, a race, a bet，但不能接人，如果接人則有另外的含意。如:I have won him. 即我已說服他了，我贏得他的好感。而beat是及物動(dòng)詞為擊敗、勝過講，直接接人、隊(duì)。 11、steal與rob：steal為偷。rob為搶，其用法不同。steal其后接物+from+某人、某地，而rob其后接人+of+搶的物品。 12、fit與suit：fit與suit均可作合適講，但英文中卻用在不同的地方。如fit用于尺寸大小的合適，而suit則多用于顏色式樣的合適。 13、take, bring 與fetch：英文中拿三個(gè)詞，即拿來，拿去，去取然后回來(即雙程)。所以拿來，帶來是bring，拿去帶走是take，而去取回來是fetch。 14、shut與close：shut與close有時(shí)是可以互換的，但有些地方則不可這樣做。如:在正式場(chǎng)合多用close，而在命令，態(tài)度粗暴的場(chǎng)合則用shut。如:Shut your mouth!(閉嘴)；又如:Shut up. 在指鐵路、公路交通關(guān)閉或停止使用的場(chǎng)合，則要用close。 15、answer與reply：作為回答講answer是及物動(dòng)詞，如作不及物動(dòng)詞，則意義不同，如answer for，意為向某人或向某事負(fù)責(zé)。而reply作回答講是不及物動(dòng)詞，后跟賓語時(shí)，要加上to。 16、reach，arrive與get to：reach當(dāng)?shù)竭_(dá)講是及物動(dòng)詞，而當(dāng)延伸和拿得到、拿不到時(shí)講，則是不及物動(dòng)詞。作到達(dá)講時(shí)還有g(shù)et to, arrive(at/in)。 17、cost，spend與take：英文中花費(fèi)有三個(gè)詞cost, spend, take，但各有不同用法。cost作 “花費(fèi)”講，主語不能是人，而spend的主語不能是物。如: she spent all his money on stamps.而take作花費(fèi)講時(shí)，可用人也可用物做主語。更多的用法是用形式主語it，如It takes me three hours to finish this work. 18、lost, gone與missing：作補(bǔ)足語時(shí)意為丟失、不見了，可以用lost, gone，但要用 miss時(shí)則不能用missed, 而要用missing. 19、have on, wear, put on及dress：作穿衣服講的動(dòng)詞分為狀態(tài)和動(dòng)作兩種。have on與wear作穿著狀態(tài)講;但have on不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，而wear則常要用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。put on是動(dòng)作，但dress既可用作狀態(tài)，又可用作穿衣動(dòng)作，但用作狀態(tài)時(shí)要用其過去分詞作形容詞如:He was dressed in a b1ue suit作動(dòng)作講時(shí)，其后不要接衣物而要接反身代詞或表示人、物的名詞，如：I dress my children in the morning every day. 20、begin與start begin與Start 均可作開始講，并無多少區(qū)別，同樣可接不定式或動(dòng)名詞，但在下面的場(chǎng)合多要用Start：1)機(jī)器的開動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)；2)旅途的開始。如:we shou1d have to start early because there was a lot traffic in the street。 21、allow 與permit allow與permit其后直接接動(dòng)作時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞，如接人后再接動(dòng)詞則要用不定式，所以用在被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)一定要用不定式。如：People are not allowed to spit. 22、find與found find找到的過去式和過去分詞都是found，而found是動(dòng)詞“建立”的原形，其過去式和過去分詞是founded，founded，如：The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949. 23、speak, say, talk 與tell 英文中講有4個(gè)詞，speak, say, talk, tell，但其中speak, talk多用作不及物動(dòng)詞，但speak后加語言名詞時(shí)則用作及物動(dòng)詞，如：Please speak English。而say與tell是及物動(dòng)詞，其中tell常用作接雙賓語，如：Tell me a story。但也有些特定的習(xí)慣用法，如：在作講實(shí)話，講謊言，表示時(shí)間常用單賓語而不能換其它詞，如：My watch was broken. It couldn’t tell time correctly。在書信、便條、海報(bào)上寫著英文應(yīng)為It said …。在作辨別不同講時(shí)是tell，如：Can you tell me the difference between the two？而講別人好壞話時(shí)用speak，如：The father always speaks well of his son.。 24、excuse me 與sorry excuse me用于來打攏對(duì)方前以提醒對(duì)方注意的提示語，而sorry則表達(dá)因作了某事向?qū)Ψ降狼浮? 25、care for 與care to do care for其后要接不定式時(shí)則要省去for或換用名詞，如：Would you care for a cup of tea？但care for作照顧講時(shí)與look after相同。 26、與名詞易混的動(dòng)詞有：advise(v.), advice (n.); accept(v.), except(prep.); pass(v.), past(prep.); bathe(v.), bath(n.); breathe(v.), breath(n.); choose(v.), choice(n.); succeed(v.), success(n.); 27、意義相近的動(dòng)詞：ring搖鈴，打鈴，電話鈴響，strike專指敲鐘，打幾點(diǎn)，撞擊；suggest提出實(shí)驗(yàn)性或推測(cè)性的建議，advice表示對(duì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足人的一種忠告；look由視覺得出的印象，seem暗示一定根據(jù)的判定，appear外表印象而實(shí)際或結(jié)果并非如此；stay停留，逗留，remain遺物，某物被取走一部分后剩余部分；discover（發(fā)現(xiàn)）找到早已存在但未被人所了解的東西，invent（發(fā)明）研制出不存在的東西；remember記憶起以前經(jīng)歷或知道的事，remind提醒某人做某事。 28、動(dòng)詞 + 副詞 + 介詞：catch up with, look forward to, e up with, keep up with, go in for, look down on, get on with … 29、動(dòng)詞 + 介詞to的詞組有：e to, stick to, object to, agree to, turn to, attend to, belong to, devote to, reply to … 30、與in相結(jié)合的動(dòng)詞有：give in, hand in, bring in, drop in, succeed in, take in, check in, engage in, fill in, trade in … （二）動(dòng)詞短語 動(dòng)詞短語是指動(dòng)詞和介詞、副詞或名詞的習(xí)慣搭配。有關(guān)動(dòng)詞短語的測(cè)試點(diǎn)主要涉及結(jié)構(gòu)上選用恰當(dāng)?shù)拇钆湓~，不同搭配含意上的辨異及不同短語的辨異。需掌握以下要點(diǎn)： 1、根據(jù)動(dòng)詞短語的不同特點(diǎn)，掌握其運(yùn)用規(guī)律。 (I)動(dòng)詞+副詞(不及物) Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left. 晚會(huì)后，人們都已離去，哈里出現(xiàn)了。 (2)動(dòng)詞+副詞(及物) Please turn every light in the house off. 請(qǐng)把房子里的每一盞燈都關(guān)掉。 注意：①如果賓語較長(zhǎng)，就應(yīng)避免把副詞同動(dòng)詞分開。如：She turned off all the lights which had been left on. 她關(guān)掉了所有還在亮著的燈。②如果賓語是人稱代詞，只能放在動(dòng)詞和副詞之間。如：She gave them away. 她送掉了它們。 (3)動(dòng)詞+介詞(及物) Im looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼鏡。 注意：①當(dāng)它跟賓語時(shí)，不能把介詞放在賓語后面。②動(dòng)詞短語可以放在句子或從句末尾。如：Shes got more work than she can cope with. 她的工作多得使她應(yīng)付不了。 (4)動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞 I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就見到你。 注：“動(dòng)詞+介詞”、“動(dòng)詞+名詞+副詞”、“動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞”，這三種搭配都是及物的，如變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，不可漏掉介詞。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after) 這樣一來，糧食和蔬菜都能兼顧了。 2、熟悉同一動(dòng)詞和不同介詞或副詞、不同的動(dòng)詞和同一介詞或同一副詞搭配在意義上的差異。 (1)同一動(dòng)詞和不同介詞搭配時(shí)，意義上的差異。如：①hear from收到…的來信，hear of聽說。 ②look after照料，look at看，look for尋找。 (2)同一動(dòng)詞和不同副詞搭配時(shí)，意義上的差異。如：①ring back回電話, ring off掛斷電話, ring up打電話 ②put away放好, put on穿，上演, put up掛起，舉起。 (3)不同動(dòng)詞和同一介詞搭配時(shí)，在意義上的差異。如：look for尋找, call for去取(某物)，去接(某人), ask for請(qǐng)求, wait for等候, send for派人去叫。 (4)不同動(dòng)詞和同一副詞搭配時(shí)，在意義上的差異。如：①break out發(fā)生，爆炸, carry out進(jìn)行，開展, go out熄滅, hand out分發(fā), let out放出, look out當(dāng)心, sell out賣完, set out出發(fā), take out取出, work out算出。②break down出毛病, e down落下來, get down下車, take down取下, write down寫下。 練習(xí)、動(dòng)詞詞義辨析 1.I can hardly ____ the difference between the two words. A. point B.speak C.say D.tell 2.I ____ you will write me back soon. A. wish B.hope C.want D.need 3.I asked him to ____ me a few minutes so that I could have a word with him. A. spend B. spare C.save D. share 4. Father will not ____ us to touch anything in his room when he is away. A. have B.let C. agree D. allow 5.I learned to ____ a bicycle as a small boy. A. ride B. drive C. operate D.run 6.I can ____ you to the railway station in my car. A. send B.pick C.ride D.take 7.If no one ____ the phone at home, ring me at work. A. answers B. returns C. replies D. receives 8.1 dont know the restaurant, but its____ to be quite a good one. A.said B.told C.spoken D.talked 9. These boxes are too heavy for your mother, youd better____ them for her. A. bring B. carry C.take D. fetch 10. There was a fight in the street yesterday. Three people were seriously ____. A. hurt B. killed C. broken D.cut 11. Careless driving ____ a lot of highway accidents. A. affects B. gives C. causes D. results 12. Ive____my umbrella in the office and Ill have to fetch it. A. forgot B.left C. remained D.lost 13 .The doctor says a few days rest in a quiet place will ____ you a lot of good. A. make B.do C.give D.get 14. His heart ____ fast when the teacher asked him a difficult question. A. beat B.hit C. jumped D.ran 15. The cooking chicken ____ very good. A. smells B. feels C. sounds D. tastes 16. Most children stay at home until they ____ school age. A. get Be C. reach D. arrive 17. A single mistake here could ____ you your life. A. pay B.take C. spend D.cost 18. The boy works hard. I____ him to succeed in the exam. A. like B. expect C. think D.need 19. We ____ each other the best of luck in the examination. A. hoped B. wanted C. expected D. wished 20. Im afraid Mr Brown isnt in. Would you like to____a message? A.give B.leave C.carry D.take 21. Do you know the girl ____ a red coat? A. dressed in B. had on C. wore D. put on 22. The assistant suggested Mary ____ the blue skirt. A. buying B. bought C. to buy D. could buy 23. Our teacher suggested Wang Lin ____ to America for further study. A. should send B. would be sent C. sending D.be sent 24. Old Mr Jackson insisted ____ to the Friendship Hospital. A. on being sent B. to send C. on sending D. being sent 25. The father insisted that their son Tom ____ clever enough to study music. A. be B. should be C.was D. would be 26.I ____ the television set for 1,500 yuan. A. bought B.paid C.cost D. spent 27.I ____ play football than basketball. A. would rather B. had better C. like better D. prefer 28. - What are you doing? - Im looking____ the children. They should be back for lunch now. A.after B.at C.for D.up 29. The sports meet will be ____ till next week because of the bad weather. A. put off B. put away C. put up D. put down 30.I really dont want to go to the party, but I dont see how I can ____ it. A. get back from B. get out of C. get away D. get off 31. Readers can ____ quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word. A. get over B. get in C; get along D. get through 32. Many foreigners ____ the Great Wall as the Worlds Seventh Wonder. A. look at B. look for C. look around D. look on 33.1 can t hear clearly. Please ____ the radio ____ a little. A.tum;on B.tum;off C.tum;down D.tum;up 34. Thirty people were expected, but only twenty - four ____. A. turned in B. turned up C. turned to D. turn up 35. The child is running a high fever. We must____ a doctor at once. A. send in B. send out C. send for D. send up 36. Im going to a pop concert with Tom. Hell ____ me at eight and well go there togethe; A. call for B. call in C. call on D. call up 37. It is often easier to make plans than it is to ____. A. carry on them B. carry out them C. carry them on D. carry them out 38. Your position must be ____ after class. A. handed to B. handed out C. handed in D. handed over 39. A new school was ____ in the village last year. A. held up B. set up C. sent up D. brought up 40. - When did the plane ____? -At 2 oclock. A. take off B. take up C. take away D. take place 41. ____! Theres danger ahead. A. Look at B.Look up C.Look on D.Look out 42.Lets____ to clean the house. Its too dirty. A.set about B.set out C.set off D.set down 43.I used to ____ my teacher when I was in Beijing. A. call in . B. call at C. call for D. call on 44. He ____ from his family and settled down in America. A. broke away B. broke out C. broke up D. broke in 45. He had to ____ his fathers business after his death, though he didnt really want to continue it. A. carry out B. pick up C. set up D. carry on 46. The robbers had no trouble in ____ the bank, but when they came out ,the police were waiting for them. A. breaking out B. breaking into C. breaking up D. breaking away from 47. Autumn is ing. The farmers are busy____ the crops in the fields. A. moving in B. sharing in C. handing in D. getting in 48. All the students ____ their holidays to take part in planting trees. A. gave out B. gave in C. gave up D. gave away 49. He was always the last to leave in order to clean up the workroom and ____ the tools. A. put away B. take away C. push aside D. look after 50.____ this article and tell me what you think of it. A. Look up B. Look on C. Look into D. Look through