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2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)第一部分教材課文要點(diǎn)Module5Cloning夯基提能作業(yè)外研版選修 Ⅰ.閱讀理解 　　閱讀下列短文,從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng)。 A (xx課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ,D) When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals e from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic pounds, VOCs for short. Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening?Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbors react. Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now bees lunch. In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors. The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do. Does this mean that plants talk to each other?Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to“overhear”the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth. Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(親密的)than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on. 1.What does a plant do when it is under attack? A.It makes noises. B.It gets help from other plants. C.It stands quietly. D.It sends out certain chemicals. 2.What does the author mean by“the tables are turned”in paragraph 3? A.The attackers get attacked. B.The insects gather under the table. C.The plants get ready to fight back. D.The perfumes attract natural enemies. 3.Scientists find from their studies that plants can　　　. A.predict natural disasters B.protect themselves against insects C.talk to one another intentionally D.help their neighbors when necessary 4.What can we infer from the last paragraph? A.The world is changing faster than ever. B.People have stronger senses than before. C.The world is more plex than it seems. D.People in Darwin’s time were more imaginative. B (xx福建泉州一中模擬,C) 　　“De-extinction”,the idea that extinct(絕種的)animals can be brought back through cloning or genetic(基因的)engineering,has attracted the interest of a small group of scientists.The topic has made the cover of National Geographic Magazine.Supporters say they are doing it for moral reasons,because we“miss”the extinct animals.They blame human exploitation (such as trapping,hunting,habitat destruction) of the extinct animals,but their plans,though they sound exciting,are exploitation in another form. Considering the imperfect science of cloning,de-extinction would cause animals’ suffering.Most animals born in such experiments would suffer serious diseases,dying soon after birth or having a shortened lifetime.Spanish and French scientists worked for years to bring the Pyrenean ibex,a species of wild goat,back from extinction by cloning.In xx,they succeeded only in producing a sick baby goat that died 10 minutes after birth.For these animals to be born,other animals would live in captivity,in a lab or elsewhere,and serve as mother substitutes(代用品),routinely having operations as part of the cloning process.For example,elephants would be kept in captivity to carry woolly mammoth(猛犸)babies for nearly two years.Such experiments often lead to other animals’ unhappiness as well. If extinct animals are successfully brought back,where would they go?Their original habitats have developed and changed without them.They are unlikely to survive in the natural environment,but,if they do manage to survive,they will affect their environment in unpredictable ways,presenting a new threat to the ecological system.If the animals born through de-extinction are stuck in zoos and museums instead,what good is that?It is exploitation,not a solution. It would be better to apply creative thinking about protection to the real-life problems of today’s world.De-extinction takes attention away from the difficult situation of endangered animals.Discussions about woolly mammoth cloning do nothing to stop the illegal killings of endangered wild African elephants.Money would be better used to prevent human conflict with wildlife and their ecosystems. Let’s keep de-extinction in the world of science fiction,learn from our failed past,and protect wild animals and their habitats for the future. 5.The underlined word“it”in Paragraph 1 refers to“　　　”. A.de-extinction B.cloning or genetic engineering C.exploitation D.National Geographic Magazine 6.In Paragraph 2, examples are given to show that　　　. A.modern elephants are related to woolly mammoth B.scientists should improve the cloning process C.de-extinction does harm to some animals D.it’s possible to bring back extinct animals 7.What might happen if extinct animals e back to the wild? A.The problem of extinction will be solved. B.They will live in their original habitats. C.The balance of nature may be disturbed. D.More endangered animals will be saved. 8.According to Paragraph 4,de-extinction may　　　. A.prevent the illegal killings of African elephants B.make people care less about endangered animals C.prevent the conflict between humans and animals D.raise public awareness of protecting animals 9.What’s the author’s attitude towards “de-extinction”? A.Disapproving. B.Doubtful. C.Supportive. D.Uncertain. Ⅱ.語(yǔ)法填空 　　閱讀下面短文,在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。 In much of Asia, especially the so-called“rice bowl”cultures of China, Japan, Korea,　1　Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks. Chopsticks are usually two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic, animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might　2　(make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. Skilled workers also bine various hardwoods and metal　3　(create)special designs. The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably cooked their food in large pots,　4　(use) twigs(樹枝)to remove it. Over time,　5　the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which　6　(gradual)turned into chopsticks. Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius,　7　lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the　8　(develop) of chopsticks. Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and　9　(be) too violent for use at the table. Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat　10　their hands. 1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5.　　　 6.　　　　7.　　　　8.　　　　9.　　　　10.　　　 答案精解精析 Ⅰ.閱讀理解 A [語(yǔ)篇解讀]　本文為說(shuō)明文。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)植物受到攻擊時(shí),它們不會(huì)坐以待斃,而是會(huì)釋放出某種化學(xué)物質(zhì)。這可能是對(duì)其他植物發(fā)出的一種預(yù)警信號(hào),也可能是自我保護(hù)的一種方式。 1.D　事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段楓樹的例子可知,當(dāng)其受到攻擊時(shí),受到傷害的部位會(huì)釋放出被稱為VOCs的化學(xué)物質(zhì),由第二段第一句可知所有的植物受到攻擊時(shí)都會(huì)做出這種反應(yīng),故D項(xiàng)正確。植物被攻擊時(shí)釋放出的是化學(xué)物質(zhì)而不是噪音,故排除A;釋放出的化學(xué)物質(zhì)是對(duì)其他植物的預(yù)警,而不是從其他植物那里得到幫助,故排除B;根據(jù)第一段首句可排除C項(xiàng)。 2.A　詞義推斷題。根據(jù)第三段可知,某些植物受到攻擊時(shí),會(huì)釋放出某種香味,將攻擊者的天敵吸引過(guò)來(lái),由此可知當(dāng)它們到來(lái)時(shí),攻擊者將會(huì)成為被攻擊者,故A項(xiàng)正確。 3.B　推理判斷題。由第四段內(nèi)容可知,植物可以保護(hù)自己免受昆蟲傷害。 4.C　推理判斷題。最后一段提到,150多年前,達(dá)爾文就曾想到這個(gè)世界比我們所看到、聽到的更加繁忙,更加吵鬧,也更加親密,我們的感官還不夠強(qiáng)大,很多東西都未感知到。由此可推斷出,這個(gè)世界實(shí)際上更加復(fù)雜,故C項(xiàng)正確。 B [語(yǔ)篇解讀]　本文為議論文。通過(guò)克隆或基因工程使已經(jīng)滅絕的動(dòng)物“復(fù)活”引起了一些科學(xué)家的興趣,但這種做法對(duì)于現(xiàn)存的動(dòng)物及生態(tài)環(huán)境等不一定有利。 5.A　詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第一段第一句可知“de-extinction”指的是“通過(guò)克隆或基因工程使已滅絕的動(dòng)物重新存在”。再結(jié)合第三句(支持者們說(shuō)他們這么做是出于道德),由此可見畫線的it指的就是“de-extinction”,故答案為A項(xiàng)。 6.C　推理判斷題。第二段的主題句為第一句話,然后作者用舉例的方法說(shuō)明了這一道理,由此可見本題答案為C項(xiàng)。 7.C　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“if they do manage to survive,they will affect their environment in unpredictable ways,presenting a new threat to the ecological system”(如果它們真的生存下來(lái)了,它們會(huì)以不可預(yù)知的方式影響它們的生存環(huán)境,從而對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)造成威脅)可知答案為C項(xiàng)。 8.B　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“De-extinction takes attention away from the difficult situation of endangered animals.”可知答案為B項(xiàng)。 9.A　推理判斷題。文章第一段提出本文主題,即人們對(duì)“復(fù)活”已經(jīng)滅絕的物種的兩種不同觀點(diǎn),第二、三、四段介紹了“復(fù)活”已經(jīng)滅絕的物種所帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題,最后一段告誡人們應(yīng)該從動(dòng)物滅絕中吸取教訓(xùn)以保護(hù)現(xiàn)存的動(dòng)物。由此可見作者對(duì)“復(fù)活”已經(jīng)滅絕的動(dòng)物持反對(duì)意見。 Ⅱ.語(yǔ)法填空 [語(yǔ)篇解讀]　本文為說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了筷子及其發(fā)展的歷史。 1.and　考查并列連詞。此處表示并列關(guān)系而不是選擇關(guān)系,其模式為“A,B,C and D”。故填并列連詞and。 2.be made　考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。be made of表示“由……制成”,根據(jù)設(shè)空前的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞might可知,此處填be made。 3.to create　考查不定式。此處不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。 4.using　考查現(xiàn)在分詞?，F(xiàn)在分詞在此處作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。 5.as/when　考查連詞。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,此處用連詞as/when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 6.gradually　考查副詞。此處用副詞修飾turned into。 7.who　考查定語(yǔ)從句。此處為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞Confucius(孔子)指人,故需用關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。 8.development　考查名詞。由設(shè)空前的冠詞the和設(shè)空后的of可知應(yīng)用名詞。 9.were　考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致。由并列連詞and連接賓語(yǔ)從句中的兩個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)可知和would remind并列的應(yīng)為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,故用be動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式,又因knives為復(fù)數(shù)形式,故用were。 10.with　考查介詞。由語(yǔ)境可知設(shè)空處意為“用”,故填with。 [長(zhǎng)難句]　Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.一些人認(rèn)為這位中國(guó)偉大的學(xué)者——大約生活在公元前551年至479年的孔子,影響了筷子的發(fā)展。 本句為復(fù)合句。that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。