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2019-2020年中學(xué)英語語法分類復(fù)習(xí)-句子成分詳析 句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。 （一）主語：主語表示句子主要說明的人或事物，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不是疑問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語可由名詞(單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,物質(zhì)名詞,抽象名詞,專有名詞),代詞(人稱代詞,名詞性物主代詞,指示代詞,不定代詞和疑問代詞,但相互代詞和反身代詞不作主語),數(shù)詞(基數(shù),序數(shù),分?jǐn)?shù),小數(shù),百分?jǐn)?shù)), 定冠詞加形容詞(或現(xiàn)在分詞,或過去分詞,或姓氏復(fù)數(shù)),不定式(有或無邏輯主語，疑問詞加不定式),動(dòng)名詞(有或無邏輯主語),從句等充當(dāng)。 例如： A horse runs much faster than a cow. （單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞） Trees usually turn green in spring.（復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞） Wood burns easily in dry weather.（物質(zhì)名詞） During the 1990s, American country music has bee more and more popular.（抽象名詞） The Great Wall has a long history.（專有名詞） We often speak English in class.（人稱代詞） Tom’s house is here, while mine is over there.（名詞性物主代詞） Those who will go home today please call me later.（指示代詞） Something strange happened after he left.（不定代詞） Who is there?（疑問代詞） One thousand is a great number.（基數(shù)詞） The first is the boy from Canada.（序數(shù)詞） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（分?jǐn)?shù)） Five point three is the reading on the thermometer.（小數(shù)） Twenty-five percent of the students have arrived.（百分?jǐn)?shù)） The rich should help the poor.（定冠詞加形容詞） The wounded are taken good care of at the hospital.（定冠詞加過去分詞） The living should acplish the mission of the dead. （定冠詞加現(xiàn)在分詞） The Whites are leaving for UK tomorrow.（定冠詞加姓氏復(fù)數(shù)） To swim in the river is a great pleasure. = It is a great pleasure to swim in the river. （不定式） It is hard for me to finish the task in such a short time. （帶邏輯主語的不定式） What to do next is not clear.（疑問詞加不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞） His arriving late made the chairman very angry.（帶邏輯主語的動(dòng)名詞） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.=It has not been decided yet when we are going to have an English test.（主語從句） （二）謂語：謂語說明主語的動(dòng)作，狀態(tài)或特征。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語動(dòng)詞可分為不及物動(dòng)詞,及物動(dòng)詞,短語動(dòng)詞(中學(xué)常見者有:動(dòng)詞+介詞/副詞,動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞,動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞,動(dòng)詞+介詞+名詞或動(dòng)名詞等)。 We often swim in the lake in summer. （不及物動(dòng)詞） We should take notes in class.（及物動(dòng)詞） If you have questions to ask, put up your hand.（短語動(dòng)詞） We take care of the garden here. （短語動(dòng)詞） Please listen to the teacher carefully. （短語動(dòng)詞） We should take his bad health into consideration. （短語動(dòng)詞） Don’t look down upon the disabled. （短語動(dòng)詞） 謂語的構(gòu)成如下： 1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如： He practices running every morning. 2、復(fù)合謂語： （1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：We are students. （三）表語：表語是謂語的一部分，說明主語身份，特征，屬性或狀態(tài)，它位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, bee, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語可由名詞(單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,物質(zhì)名詞,抽象名詞,專有名詞),代詞(人稱代詞,名詞性物主代詞,指示代詞,不定代詞),數(shù)詞(基數(shù),序數(shù),分?jǐn)?shù),小數(shù),百分?jǐn)?shù)), 形容詞,部分副詞,介詞短語,定冠詞加形容詞,不定式(或疑問詞加不定式),動(dòng)名詞(有或無邏輯主語), 過去分詞,從句等充當(dāng)。 例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞） These are your new tools.（復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞） What we need deadly is enough water.（物質(zhì)名詞） That is his theory.（抽象名詞） This is Tom, our leader.（專有名詞） The boy on the left in the photo is me.（人稱代詞） Is it yours?（名詞性物主代詞） What he bought is this.（指示代詞） This is something you should remember.（不定代詞） The weather has turned cold.（形容詞） Time is up. The class is over.（副詞） The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語） Three times seven is twenty one?（基數(shù)詞） He is the first to e.（序數(shù)詞） Here is two thirds of the money you want.（分?jǐn)?shù)） The reading on the meter is thirty point five.（小數(shù)） What we need is five percent of the sum.（百分?jǐn)?shù)） The owners of the tall buildings are the rich around here. （定冠詞加形容詞） His job is to teach English.（不定式） The problem is how to find him as soon as possible. （帶疑問詞的不定式） His hobby is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞） What made him happy was his son’s returning. （帶邏輯主語的動(dòng)名詞） The door is still closed.（過去分詞） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（從句） （四）賓語：賓語表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。名詞(單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,物質(zhì)名詞,抽象名詞,專有名詞),代詞(人稱代詞,名詞性物主代詞,指示代詞,不定代詞,相互代詞和反身代詞),數(shù)詞(基數(shù),序數(shù),分?jǐn)?shù),百分?jǐn)?shù)), 定冠詞加形容詞(或現(xiàn)在分詞及過去分詞以及姓氏復(fù)數(shù)),不定式(疑問詞加不定式),動(dòng)名詞(有或無邏輯主語),從句等。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday. （單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞） We need more workers now.（復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞） Living things need water to keep alive.（物質(zhì)名詞） We should study his theory carefully.（抽象名詞） I visited The Great Wall last week.（專有名詞） The heavy rain prevented me form ing to school on time.（人稱代詞賓格） As your umbrella is broken, take mine instead. （名詞性物主代詞） Take this, and don’t show it to others.（指示代詞） I have something important to tell you.（不定代詞） Let’s help each other.（相互代詞） He taught himself English when he was in his teens. （反身代詞） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（基數(shù)詞） Please give me the third.（序數(shù)詞） They offered me three-fourths of their land.（分?jǐn)?shù)詞） They destroyed fifty percent of the forest. （百分?jǐn)?shù)） We should respect the dead. （形容詞加定冠詞） We must rescue the living.（現(xiàn)在分詞加定冠詞） Everyone should do his best to help the disabled. （過去分詞加定冠詞） I saw the Wangs picnicking in the woods yesterday. （姓氏加定冠詞） He pretended not to see me.（不定式） I really don’t know where to go.（疑問詞加不定式） I enjoy listening to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞） She is surprised at my returning.（帶邏輯主語的動(dòng)名詞） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語從句） 賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected him their monitor. （五）賓語補(bǔ)足語：英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等+賓語+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞,個(gè)別不定代詞,形容詞,部分副詞,介詞短語,不定式(省to或帶to),現(xiàn)在分詞,過去分詞,動(dòng)名詞（極少），從句(極少) 充當(dāng)。例如： His father named him Jack.（名詞） We think it something that you should keep in mind.（不定代詞） They painted their boat white. We found it interesting to picnic there.（形容詞） Let the fresh air in.（副詞） We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語） You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（帶to不定式） I saw him buy a new car that day.（省to不定式） We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞） When I came back, I found the door broken.（過去分詞） The children there called this act swimming.（動(dòng)名詞） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句） （六）定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由名詞,代詞,形容詞,個(gè)別副詞,數(shù)詞,介詞短語,不定式,動(dòng)名詞,現(xiàn)在分詞,過去分詞,獨(dú)立主格,從句等成分表示。 There are thirty women teachers in our school. He has a paper plane.（名詞） His rapid progress in English made us surprised. These apples are for you. （代詞） Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞） The question below is for you to answer. We have no way out now.（副詞） The second boy is Jon. She has ten friends here. （數(shù)詞） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） The man with a baby on his back is from the north. （獨(dú)立主格） The man who is working there is his father.（從句）