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2019-2020年高考英語 沖刺講義一 名詞和主謂一致 I. 名詞的種類 專有名詞 普通名詞 國名地名人名，團體機構名稱 可數(shù)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞 個體名詞 集體名詞 抽象名詞 物質名詞 特別注意名詞類別的相互轉換 個體名詞與抽象名詞的相互轉換 例 句 意 義 名詞性質 ①She held some flowers in her hand. ②The trees are now in flower 花兒 個體名詞 開花 抽象名詞 ①Youth is beautiful. ②He is a youth of twenty 青春 抽象名詞 年輕人 個體名詞 ①They have achieved remarkable success in their work. ②—How about the Christmas evening party? —I should say it was a success. 成功 抽象名詞 成功的事 個體名詞 物質名詞與個體名詞的相互轉換 例 句 意 義 名詞性質 ①Iron is a kind of metal. ②Please lend me your iron. 鐵 物質名詞 熨斗 個體名詞 ①He broke a piece of glass. ②He broke a glass. 玻璃 物質名詞 玻璃杯 個體名詞 ①I bought a chicken this morning ②Please help yourself to some chicken 小雞 個體名詞 雞肉 物質名詞 抽象名詞與個體名詞的轉換 具有動作意義的抽象名詞加用與某些動詞（如：have等）連 用，表示某一次短暫的動作 ①—I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please. —Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be helpful A.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,a ②They sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名詞） A.a B.an C./ D.the ③Could we have word before you go to the meeting? 話（個體名詞） A.a B.an C./ D.the 類例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look take a walk/a bath make an advance(進步)/make an early start(早點出發(fā)) /make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(發(fā)出痛苦的叫聲) /give a try 表示知識和時間的抽象名詞轉換為普通名詞時可以用來表示 其中的一部分 ①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must in____international trade today. A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, the a knowledge of truth(知道實際情況) give a fuller knowledge of China(提供關于中國更為翔實的知識) have a knowledge of shorthand(有速記的知識) ②If there were no examination, we should have______at school. A.the happiest time B.a more happier time C.much happiest time D.a much happier time ③ is money. A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times 抽象名詞轉換為普通名詞可用來表示“一次、一陣、一種”具體的行為、事件、現(xiàn)象或結 果。這時名詞前往往有形容詞修飾 ①Oh, John. _____you gave me! A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise ②She looked up when I shouted. A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some surprise 其它例子：The gift came as a plete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise ③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it. A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an unusual II. 名詞的數(shù) 規(guī)則名詞的復數(shù)形式：名詞的復數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es（參看有關語法書）。英語里有些名詞的復數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，請看下表 規(guī) 則 例 詞 1 改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 單復數(shù)相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species 3 只有復數(shù)形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, passes, contents 4 一些集體名詞總是用作復數(shù) people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復數(shù)（成員） audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, mittee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 6 復數(shù)形式表示特別含義 customs(海關), forces(軍隊), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟) 7 表示“某國人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 單復數(shù)同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名詞 將主體名詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù) sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 無主體名詞時將最后一部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù) grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 將兩部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù) women singers, men servants III. 主謂一致 規(guī)則 情 況 舉 例 語 法 一 致 原 則 以單數(shù)名詞或代詞動詞不定式短語，動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語為復數(shù)時，謂語動詞 用復數(shù)形式。 His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. What he said is very important for us all. 由what引導的主語從句，后面的謂語動詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語是復數(shù)或what從句是一個帶有復數(shù)意義的并列結構時，主句的謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。 what I bought were three English books. What I say and do is (are) helpful for you. 由連接詞and或both…and連接起來的主語后面，要用復數(shù)形式的謂語動詞。但若所連接的兩個詞是指同一個人或物 時，它后面的謂語就用單數(shù)形式。由and 連接的并列單數(shù)主語前如果分別有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修飾時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+單數(shù)名詞和由some, any no, every構成的復合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。. Lucy and Lily are twins The writer and artist has e. Every student and every teach is in the classroom. Many a boy and many a girl likes it. No boy and no girl likes it. Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today? Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter 若none of 后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語動詞就要用單數(shù)。若它后面的名詞是復數(shù)，它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)或復數(shù)都可以。 None of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to America. 在定語從句里，關系代詞that, who, which 等作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。 Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard. He is one of my friends who are working hard. He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard. 在強調句型中應與被強調部分一致 It is I who am going to the cinema tonight. It is we who are going to the cinema tonight. 如果集體名詞指的是整個集體，它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式； 如果它指的集體的成員，其謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式 The police are looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass in the field. His family has moved to the south .(他的一家) His family are watching TV.（他的家人） Class four is on the third floor.（四班） Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的學生） 由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名詞構成的短語以及由分數(shù)或百分數(shù)+名詞構成的短語作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。 There are a lot of people in the classroom. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 50 percent of the students in our class are girls. 此外，還有a number of +復數(shù)名詞有類似的用法（用復數(shù)），但the number of +復數(shù)名詞的數(shù)就得依number 而定（用單數(shù)）。 A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples. The number of pages in this book is three hundred. 在倒裝句中，謂語動詞的數(shù)應與其后的主語一致 There es the bus. On the wall are many pictures. Such is the result. Such are the facts. Between the two hills stands a monument. 邏 輯 意 義 一 致 原 則 What, who, which, any, more, all 等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可是復數(shù)， 主要靠意思來決定。 Which is your bag? Which are your bags? Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen? All can be done has been done. All is going well. All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing. 表示時間重量長度價值等的名詞的復數(shù)作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式，這是由于作主語的名詞在概念上是一個整體。 Thirty minutes is enough for the work.. Twenty pounds is too dear. 如強調這類詞的復數(shù)意義，則謂語動詞要用復數(shù)形式 Forty kilos of water are used every day. 若英語是書名名格言劇名報名國名等的復數(shù)形式，其謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。 The United States is smaller than China. “The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book. 表數(shù)量的短語“one and a half”后面接復數(shù)名詞作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。 One and a half apples is left on the table. 一些學科名詞是以-ics結尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都屬于形式上是復數(shù)的名詞， 實際意義為單數(shù)名詞， 它們作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。 The paper works was built in 1990.這家造紙廠建于1990年。 I don’t think physics is easy to study. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等詞作主語時，謂語用復數(shù)，但如果這些名詞前有a(the) pair of 等量詞修飾時（clothes被a suit of 修飾）謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 My glasses are broken. The pair of shoes under the bed is his. “定冠詞the+形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人動詞用復數(shù)；若表示某一類東西時，動詞用單數(shù)。 The old are taken good care of there. The beautiful gives pleasure to all. 就 近 /遠 一 致 原 則 當兩個主語由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 連接時，謂語動詞和鄰近的主語保持一致,即就近一致。 Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither he nor they are wholly right. Neither they nor he is wholly right. Is neither he nor they wholly right? there be 句型中be 動詞的單復數(shù)取決于其后的主語。如果其后是由and 連接的兩個主語，則應與靠近的那個主語保持一致，即就近一致。 There are two chairs and a desk in the room. There is a desk and two chairs in the room. 主語后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短語， 謂語動詞要跟主語一致，即就遠一致。 Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has e to China. A woman with a baby was on the bus. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. She, like you and Tom, is very tall. The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese. No one except my teachers knows anything about it.