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Unit1 Learning a Foreign Language,reward,vt. give something in return for good and valuable doings a) The father rewarded the little boy for cleaning the room. 小男孩因為打掃了房間而受到父親的獎勵。 b) 最終，他的努力得到了回報。 Finally, his hard work was rewarded.,n. [C, U] something as a return for good and valuable doings a) As a reward for passing the exams, she got a new bike from her parents. 她因為通過了考試，父母給她買了一輛新自行車作為獎勵。 b) 我聽說為捉拿那小偷設(shè)立了重獎。 I hear there is a big reward for the seizing of the thief.,rewarding,adj. satisfying and worthwhile (giving you satisfaction, pleasure, or profit) a) She found the experience very rewarding. 她發(fā)現(xiàn)這個經(jīng)歷使她受益匪淺。 b) 教學(xué)是一項很有意義的職業(yè)。 Teaching is a rewarding career.,frustrate,vt. 1) cause someone to have feelings of disappointment She was frustrated by her failure in the college entrance exam. 她因高考失利而灰心喪氣。 2) cause the failure of something 他的態(tài)度破壞了我們的計劃。 His attitude frustrated our plan.,frustrating,adj.making someone feel annoyed, upset, or impatient a)It’s frustrating when you’re in a hurry and the traffic isn’t moving. 當(dāng)你趕時間而交通擁堵、寸步難行時，你會感到十分沮喪。 b)Many of the things my father finds frustrating are exactly what my mother finds most rewarding. 許多父親覺得令人沮喪的事，恰恰是母親認(rèn)為值得做的。,frustration,n. [C,U] the feeling of being disappointed, annoyed, or upset a) Students have spoken of their growing frustration with school administrators. 學(xué)生們談到了他們對學(xué)校管理層的失望與日俱增。 b) This helps patients deal with some of the frustrations they may be feeling. 這有助于幫助病人應(yīng)對他們可能感受到的挫折和失敗。,junior,adj. having a low position, level, or rank a) She started as a junior reporter on a local newspaper. 她是從一家地方報社的初級記者開始干起的。 b) 他的職責(zé)是指導(dǎo)職位在他之下的人。 His job is to give instructions to people junior to him.,senior,adj. having a higher position, level, or rank a) They have got effective support from the senior management of the college. 他們得到了大學(xué)高層管理者的有效支持。 b) 他的職位比我高。 His position is senior to mine.,Cultural notes In China, a junior middle school refers to a stage of education after primary or elementary school, and a senior middle school refers to a stage of education after junior middle school and before college or university. 不同年級大學(xué)生的名稱： freshman大一新生 sophomore大二學(xué)生 junior大三年級學(xué)生 senior大學(xué)四年級學(xué)生,positive,adj. 1) helpful and encouraging in achieving sth. a) If you want to improve your situation you must adopt a positive attitude. 如果你想改善你的境況，就必須采取積極的態(tài)度。 b) The teacher’s support made me feel better, more positive. 老師的支持讓我的心情有所好轉(zhuǎn)，也更有信心了。,2) definite; allowing no room for doubt a) We are still not positive as to how he died, but when we know more we will tell you. 他究竟如何死的，我們還沒有得出明確答案，但一旦了解到更多情況，我們就會告訴你的。 b) He must be positive before making a decision about whether these workers should be fired. 是否解雇這些工人，做決定前他應(yīng)該有個確切的想法。,former,adj. of an earlier period The former president made a speech at the conference. 前總統(tǒng)在會上作了演講。 n. (the former) the first of the two people or things just mentioned a) Of the two possibilities, the former seems more likely. 兩種可能性中，前者更有可能。 b) 面對一塊巧克力和一本書，大多數(shù)人會選前者。 Given the choice between a piece of chocolate and a book, most will choose the former.,unlike,prep. not like; different from a) Unlike me, my brother likes to get up early. 與我不同， 我弟弟喜歡早起。 b) He was firm and steady unlike other men she knew. 與她認(rèn)識的其他男人不同，他既剛毅又穩(wěn)重。,intimidate,vt. create a feeling of fear in somebody a) He said he would never be intimidated by his opponent’s power. 他說他決不會被對手的權(quán)勢嚇倒。 b) 他一直被關(guān)在監(jiān)獄里直到審判為止，以確保他不能恫嚇任何證人。 He’s being kept in jail until the trial so that he can’t intimidate any of the witness.,medium,n. (pl. media or mediums) a method for giving information a) TV has become the most important medium. 電視已成為最重要的媒體。 b) 他說詩歌是表達情感的最佳載體。 Poetry is the best medium for communicating emotion, he says.,adj. of middle size, amout, or quality a) She was of medium height and medium build. 她中等身材。 b) This is great news for small and medium-sized business, in particular those seeking to grow. 對那些中小型企業(yè)來說這是個好消息，對于那些尋求發(fā)展的公司尤其如此。,access,n. 1) [U] the right to have or use something a) Access to students’ files is restricted. 查閱學(xué)生檔案的權(quán)利是受限制的。 b) If you do not have access to the Internet, we’ll send someone to help you. 如果你還上不了網(wǎng)，我們會讓人去幫你。 2) [C] the means of entering a place The soldiers guarded the only access to the building. 士兵把守著通向那棟樓的唯一通道。,get/ have/ obtain access to: have the right to have or use something a) Anyone who has got access to secret information knows that they should not pass it on by telephone. 任何接觸到機密信息的人員都知道絕不能通過電話傳遞這些信息。 b) 輸入用戶名及密碼，你就可以獲得你的數(shù)據(jù)。 You obtain access to your data by typing in a user name and password.,a) There are regular class discussions, but some of the students never participate. 雖然有定期課堂討論，但是有些學(xué)生從不參加。 b) 會員可以參加俱樂部組織的任何活動。 Members can participate in any of the activities organized by the club.,virtual: adj.,1) created by the computer to be similar to the experience of real life Many virtual communities are growing on the Internet as more and more people want to find new ways to make friends. 許多虛擬社區(qū)出現(xiàn)在因特網(wǎng)上，因為越來越多的人想通過新的方式交朋友。 2）almost what is stated a) The king was so much under the control of his wife that she was the virtual ruler of the country. 國王完全被他的妻子控制，他的妻子才是這個國家的實際統(tǒng)治者。 b) Finding a cheap place to rent is a virtual impossibility in this area. 在這一片兒想租到一個便宜的地方根本不可能。,commitment：n.,1) [U] the hard work and loyalty that someone gives to an organization, activity, etc. a) It’s a part-time program, but total commitment is still necessary for completing it. 雖然這是一個業(yè)余項目，但要完成仍需要全身心的投入。 b) Your commitment to the project is very much appreciated by management. 管理人員十分感激你在這個項目上的投入。,2) [C] a promise to follow certain beliefs or actions a) The organization has made a commitment to plant 5,000 trees. 那個組織已經(jīng)許諾種植5,000棵樹。 b) He made a commitment to help all children learn English, but he soon found it impossible without an online course. 他承諾要幫助所有孩子學(xué)英語，但他很快發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程這幾乎不可能。,minimum,adj. the least, or the smallest possible a) He couldn’t join the police because he was below the minimum height allowed by the rule. 他不能當(dāng)警察，因為他的身高沒達到規(guī)定的最低要求。 b) The local shop paid him the legal minimum wage, but worked him twice the legal number of hours. 當(dāng)?shù)氐男〉旮督o他法定最低工資，讓他干活兒的時間卻是法定工作時間的兩倍。,n. [singular] the smallest amout a) The hospital has reduced staffing to an absolute minimum. 醫(yī)院已將員工數(shù)量縮減至最低。 b) A minimum of ￡60,000 would be needed to cover fees for two children attending public school. 供兩個孩子上公立學(xué)校的費用至少是六萬英鎊。,assignment,n. [C] a piece of work given to a particular person a) Robin spent many lunch hours doing his math assignments. 羅賓用了很多午飯時間做數(shù)學(xué)作業(yè)。 b) I hate to interruput your conversation but we do have an assignment to discuss. 我不愿打擾你們的談話，但是我們確實有一項任務(wù)得和你們商量。,embarrass,vt. make someone feel ashamed, nervous, or uncomfortable a) The others embarrassed her when they laughed at her mistake. 人們嘲笑她的錯誤讓她感到尷尬。 b) The release of these secret documents has embarrassed the administration. 這些機密材料的泄露使行政管理部門十分尷尬。,embarrassing,adj. making someone feel ashamed, nervous, or uncomfortable a) It was embarrassing that I couldn’t remember his name. 好尷尬—我不記得他的名字了。 b) The child asked me a lot of embarrassing questions. 這個孩子問了我許多令人尷尬的問題。,post,vt. put up something on a screen, wall, or notice board a) The Internet will allow people who want to offer their help to post their names on a website. 因特網(wǎng)允許那些想提供幫助的人把他們的名字公布在網(wǎng)站上。 b) I’ll post a notice on the bulletin board to let others learn about it. 我會在公告板上貼一個通知讓其他人知道這件事。,reap: vt,1) get something, especially something good, as a result of what one has done a) After seeing my friend reap the benefits of hard study, I now believe that hard work pays off. 看到我的朋友努力學(xué)習(xí)，收獲多多，我現(xiàn)在相信努力就會有收獲。 b) The company is starting to reap the rewards of long-term investments. 那家公司開始從長期投資中獲利。 2) cut and gather a crop of grain Farmers are reaping corn in the field. 農(nóng)民們正在地里收割玉米。,benefit,n. [C] anything that brings help or profit a) The program is bringing benefits to the farmers. 這一計劃正在使農(nóng)民受益。 b) If you believe the benefits will outweigh the costs, you should open a flower shop. 如果你認(rèn)為收益大于 成本，就應(yīng)該開個花店。 v. be useful or helpful to a) Critics argue that the tax cuts will only benefit large companies. 批評人士稱減稅只能使大公司受益。 b) Keep reading, you will benefit. 堅持讀下去，你會從中受益的。,insight,n. [C,U] an accurate or deep understanding of something a) Studying science gave me great insights into natural law. 學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)知識使我對自然規(guī)律有了深刻的了解。 b) We help troubled teenagers gain some insight into their own problems. 我們幫助問題少年認(rèn)識他們的問題。,bridge the gap: reduce or get rid of the difference between two things,a) Learning a foreign language helps us bridge the gap between two different cultures. 學(xué)習(xí)外語有助于縮小不同文化間的差距。 b) He bridged the gap between ballet and modern dance. 他縮小了芭蕾與現(xiàn)代舞之間的區(qū)別。,be worth sth./ doing sth.: be rewarding enough for the time, effort, money, etc.,a) The beautiful town and lovely beaches were well worth the 45-minute drive from our cotage. 從我們的小屋到美麗的小鎮(zhèn)和迷人的海灘，雖然需要45分鐘的車程，但絕對不虛此行。 b) He’s decided to have a look at the house for it is well worth buying. 他決定去看一看那棟房子，因為它值得買下來。,a) He not only finished his homework, but he also cleaned the room. 他不僅做了作業(yè)，而且還打掃了房間。 b) The Americans and the British not only speak the same language but also share a large number of social customs. 英國人和美國人不但語言相同，而且有很多相同的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣。,not only…but also…,When you use “not only…but also…” to introduce two clauses, you can put “not only” at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis and the sentence order should be inverted(倒裝)： a) Not only did he finish his homework, but he also cleaned the room. 他不僅做了作業(yè)，而且還打掃了房間。 b) Not only are the housewives not paid, but also most of their boring work is unnoticed. 家庭主婦不僅得不到報酬，而且她們單調(diào)的工作大多數(shù)不會被人注意。,far from: not…at all, usually used to show that a result of action was not expected or wanted,a) Far from (being) angry, he’s very happy. 他一點都不生氣，反而很高興。 b) Far from helping the situation, you’ve just made it worse. 你非但對形勢沒什么幫助，反而使形勢更糟。,keep up with: keep the same speed as; go or learn as fast as someone else,a) I’m having trouble keeping up with the rest of the class. 跟上全班的學(xué)習(xí)我有點困難。 b) It’s important to keep up with the changes of the time. 跟上時代的變化十分重要。,feel like sth./ doing sth.: want to have or do something,a) After lying in bed for a whole day, I feel like a walk. 在床上躺了一天了，我想散散步。 b) Let it go, he thought. He didn’t feel like arguing. 順其自然吧，他想。他不想爭辯。,give up: stop doing or stop trying to do something,a) Though faced with many difficulties, he would not give up online learning. 雖然面臨諸多困難，他還是不會放棄網(wǎng)上學(xué)習(xí)。 b) She gladly gave up her part-time job to devote herself entirely to art. 她欣然放棄兼職工作，完全投身于藝術(shù)。,think out: consider all the aspects and details of something before doing it,a) He chewed at the end of his pencil, thinking out the next problem. 他咬著鉛筆末端，思考著下一個問題。 b) The book is well thought out. 這本書構(gòu)思周密。,come across: meet, find, or discover someone or something by chance,a) The young man would get nervous every time he came across a girl. 那個年輕人每次遇到女孩子就緊張。 b) I did not come across a bit of difficulty while taking the exam. 參加這場考試，我沒有遇到什么困難。,trade for: exchange for,a) He decided to trade his car for a truck. 他決定用他的小汽車換一輛卡車。 b) I would trade my dictionary for your book. 我愿意用詞典換你的書。,now that: because of something or as a result of something,a) Now that John has arrived, we can begin our class. 既然約翰來了，我們可以開始上課了。 b) My oldest son and I are getting along better now that he’s getting ready to go to college. 我的長子馬上就要上大學(xué)了，我們相處得也就好多了。,instead of: rather than (something or someone),a) They told him to stay home with his wife instead of going out shopping with friends. 他們讓他呆在家里陪妻子，而不要和朋友去逛街。 b) You should be out for fresh air instead of staying indoors all day. 你不應(yīng)該整天呆在屋里，應(yīng)該到外面呼吸一下新鮮空氣。,reach out to: communicate with; contact,With the introduction of the Internet, we can reach out to our friends by email. 由于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的使用，我們可以通過電子郵件與朋友聯(lián)系。,,THANK YOU!,