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2019-2020年高三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法訓(xùn)練 主謂一致專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí) 【復(fù)習(xí)目標(biāo)】 掌握主謂一致的原則。 掌握主謂一致應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題。 【課前準(zhǔn)備】 要求學(xué)生回憶有關(guān)主謂一致的具體應(yīng)用。 (1)主語(yǔ)形式雖為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 單數(shù)形式表示復(fù)數(shù)意義的詞有people, police, audience等。 (2)主語(yǔ)形式為復(fù)數(shù)而意義上卻是單數(shù)或不可數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 形復(fù)意單(不可數(shù))的詞有：news, maths, physics等。 3.就近原則 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)取決于最靠近它的主語(yǔ)，如there be句型或用連詞either...or...，neither...nor...,not only...but also等。 4.要注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題。 (1)class, family, team, country, school等集合名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果指整體，用單數(shù)；如果指每個(gè)成員，用復(fù)數(shù)。 如:His family are watching TV in the sitting room. His family is very big. (2)trousers, shoes, glasses, socks, stockings, scissors單獨(dú)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，但當(dāng)它們與a pair of或pairs of連用時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與pair的數(shù)保持一致。 如：The pair of glasses fits you well. Several pairs of new shoes have been sent to the old men. (3)名詞性物主代詞后的動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)，取決于它所代替的是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。 如：ours (=Our Party) is a great party. Your shoes are black, mine (=my shoes) are brown. 5.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面跟有with, together with, like, but, except, besides, as well as等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)按主語(yǔ)單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。 如：Mr Green together with his children goes to the park every Sunday. 6.the+adj表示一類人，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 如：The old are going to be looked after well. 7.and連接并列主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)，但如果指同個(gè)人，同一事物或同一概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，這時(shí)and后面的名詞無(wú)冠詞。 如：A speaker and writer is ing tomorrow.(同一個(gè)人) A speaker and a writer are ing tomorrow.(兩個(gè)人) 8.Every A and every B/Each A and each B/No A and no B作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，其中A、B代表單數(shù)名詞。 9.The number of+...，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 A number of+...，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，相當(dāng)于a lot of。 如：The number of the students in our class is 50. A number of students are learning Japanese now. 10.在主謂倒裝的句子中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)一致 Behind the house are some trees. 11.表示數(shù)量的one and a half后，名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但是其短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 如：One and a half bananas is left on the table. 12.幾分之幾/half of/part of/the rest of+n/pron.作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由后面的n/pron決定。而one of+n/pron作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 如：Two thirds of the bread was eaten. 13.名詞所有格之后的名詞被省略的情況一般只指商店、工場(chǎng)、住宅等，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。 如：The doctors is on the other side of the street. 14.表示“一段時(shí)間”“一段距離”“一些錢”的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。 如：Six miles is too far for an old man to walk. 15.關(guān)系代詞who, that, which在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與先行詞一致。 如：Those who want to go have signed their names here. 16.疑問(wèn)代詞who, what, which作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)說(shuō)話人所表達(dá)的意思決定單復(fù)數(shù)。如： Who live next door? Its Zhang and Liu./Who lives next door? Its Liu. 17. more than one + 單數(shù)動(dòng)詞 18. 在定語(yǔ)從句中,先行詞是one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 19. The population of the city + 單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 50% of the population + 復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 20. This kind of book + 單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 The books of this kind + 復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 21.many a + 名詞單數(shù) + 單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 Many a + 名詞單數(shù) and many a + 名詞單數(shù) + 單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 Many a boy and many a girl has seen this film 【典型例題解析】 例1 The rich ________ not always happy. A. are B. is C. has D. have 解析the + adj.表示一類人，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，故選A。 例2 The Olympic Games _______ held every______ years. A. is，four B. are，four C. is，five D. are，five 解析 每四年一次的奧林匹克往往看作復(fù)數(shù)。故選B。 例3 No one but her classmates ______it. A. know B. knows C. is knowing D. are knowing 解析 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后跟有but引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)按but前面部分的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。故選B。 例4 解析表示一些錢的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)，故選D。 例5 No bird and no beast _______ on the lonely island. V-ing 的句法功能 一、V-ing 的基本時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) 一般式 doing / teaching Being taught 完成式 having done/ having taught having being taught 一般式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的同時(shí)或緊跟著之后。They began singing just now. 完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前。Mike was praised for having done a good dead. 主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)視動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系而定。 Thank you for ing. He escaped being skilled in the battle. 二、句法功能 1． 主語(yǔ) 一般看作單數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)使用單數(shù)形式。Looking after children is her job. ?？捎胕t做形式主語(yǔ)，真正動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)置于句末。It is really tiring working late like this. 常用動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)句型。 It is a waste of +V-ing / It is no/ little good / use + V-ing / It is worth V-ing There is no use/ good V-ing / There is nothing worse than V-ing 動(dòng)名詞與no連用 表示禁止。No smoking / No parking / No spitting 2. 賓語(yǔ) 分為動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)與介詞賓語(yǔ)。 動(dòng)詞后加動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)：advise consider(考慮) admit appreciate感謝感激 mind suggest 建議 fancy 想象avoid 避免excuse 原諒delay 推遲 imagine deny否認(rèn)enjoy keep practise resist 抵制 escape risk冒險(xiǎn) allow permit forbid 禁止miss錯(cuò)過(guò)mind finish 動(dòng)詞詞組：can’t help give up be worth be/get used to look forward to盼望 plain of 抱怨 object to 反對(duì)care for 喜歡 feel like insist on get down to devote to see to set about put off rely on 依靠 think of What/ How about V-ing? 3. 表語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)通常不強(qiáng)調(diào)具體動(dòng)作,表語(yǔ)解釋主語(yǔ)。His hobby is collecting stamps. 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)，表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征，相當(dāng)形容詞，常為：令人… This film is exciting. 4. 定語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞置于名詞前表示名詞的用途與性能： a swimming pool a waiting room a hiding place a changing room a guessing game a walking stick 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)表示名詞在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，其動(dòng)作通常是與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)或基本同時(shí)發(fā)生并在進(jìn)行中。running water a flying bird a waiting car a sleeping boy 分詞的完成式不能充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)。如果動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，則不用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，可改用定語(yǔ)從句。正: The students who have seen the film are ing out of the cinema. 誤: The students seeing / having seen the film are ing out of the cinema. 5. 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)的關(guān)系為主動(dòng)being done表被動(dòng)關(guān)系 I saw a girl running towards me. I saw the child being beaten by his father. 可以加賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞：V+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ) 表示感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞：see hear look at listen to feel watch notice observe find 使役動(dòng)詞：have make keep ; send leave start set catch 6. 狀語(yǔ): 可作時(shí)間原因條件方式伴隨或結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。分詞表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或幾乎同時(shí)，與邏輯主語(yǔ)間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系（通常邏輯主語(yǔ)為主句的主語(yǔ)）；若先發(fā)生則使用分詞的完成式?，F(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式表示動(dòng)作正在被進(jìn)行。 Being poor, he couldn’t afford a TV set. Working hard, you’ll surely succeed. The boy sat in front of the farmhouse cutting the branch. Not having received her letter for long, he felt a little worried. Being helped by the teacher, she will learn English well. 注意 ： 分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，主句前不能使用任何連詞。 Being an engineer, so he can repair the engine. 7．現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。如果主句的主語(yǔ)不是分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)，則在分詞前加主語(yǔ)，稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。 The operation being over, the patient was sent back to his room. Winter having ing, it’s getting colder and colder. Her mother being ill, she had to look after her at home. 固定習(xí)慣語(yǔ)：generally/ strictly/ honestly/ frankly/ roughly speaking talking of/ about considering judging from/ by considering