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Unit 3 A Crime of Compassion,1,,1. If you have ever witnessed the sufferings of a dying person, tell us the feelings that the scene evoked from you. 2. Do you think doctors and nurses should do everything within their means to try to save a terminally ill patient even when they know clearly all their efforts would mean nothing more than prolonging his suffering?,2,Topic for Discussion Euthanasia [ju:θ?′ne?zi?] , or mercy killing, is one of the most controversial issues in the world. Some people maintain that one is entitled to choose when to die and how to die; some other people hold that the legalization of euthanasia might pose dangers for society, for it might be used as a pretext for murdering. Discuss the main ideas of either party and present your own view.,3,,,4,,Argumentative Narration What Is Argumentative Narration If an essay is basically an argumentative one and the chief means used for argumentation is narration, it is called argumentative narration. Text Analysis Huttmann begins the essay with the incident that the TV audience lodged strong accusations against her for murdering a patient she was supposed to care for. But her response does not follow immediately.,5,,She withholds her response to the accusation until the last paragraph, where the audiences accusation of her is mentioned again, and her argument is presented. Most of the essay is devoted to the narration of the painful dying process of a terminally ill cancer patient, which she witnessed. Based on the narrated incident her argument seems only a natural conclusion.,6,,,7,,There seems to be a contradiction in the title “A Crime of Compassion“. What is it? There are various kinds of crimes, but criminals can be anything but compassionate. It is hardly possible to associate compassion with any crime and being compassionate with a criminal.,8,to play God to function as God, i.e. to decide when to terminate a persons life. Christians believe that only God has the right to decide when a persons life should end.,9,,1.Huttmann begins her essay with a metaphor. Locate it and then explain it. (para. 3) The first sentence of para. 3: It was the Phil Donahue show where the guest is a fatted calf and the audience a 200-strong flock of vultures hungering to pick at the bones. Huttmann likens herself (the guest of the talk show) to a fatted calf, and the audience to a flock of more than 200 vultures hungering to pick at the bones. With the metaphor she intends to tell the reader that the way she handled the case of Mac was strongly disapproved of by the general public, and that the concept of mercy killing was unacceptable to them.,10,,Para.4 “Otherwise, he felt great.” He had nothing wrong but some coughing. Para.5 “without ever giving death a thought.” None of us had ever thought that Mac would die.,11,,Six months isnt such a long time in the whole scheme of things, but it was long enough to see him lose his youth, his wit, his macho, his hair, his bowel and bladder control, his sense of taste and smell, and his ability to do the slightest thing for himself. Paraphrasing: Six months shouldn’t be considered a long period of time, but six months is an unbearably long passage of time when we had to see him gradually reduced from a strong and intelligent young guy to a helpless and disabled man. 在萬(wàn)物的發(fā)展過(guò)程中，六個(gè)月并不長(zhǎng)，但長(zhǎng)得足以目睹他失去那么多的東西：年輕的身體、靈活的頭腦、強(qiáng)壯的體魄、頭發(fā)、控制大小便的能力、味覺(jué)和嗅覺(jué)、還有一丁點(diǎn)兒自理的能力。,12,,When Mac had wasted away to a 60-pound skeleton When Mac had been reduced to a 60-pound skeleton waste away (of a person or a part of the body) become progressively weaker and more emaciated e.g. She is dying of AIDS, visibly wasting away. He became ill and began to waste away.,13,,i.v. solutions “i.v.“ is the abbreviation of “intravenous“, meaning “within a vein“, and “i.v. solutions“ refers to the liquid substances infused directly into the vein of a patient for therapeutic purposes.,14,,Para.6 “When Mac had wasted away to a sixty-pound skeleton kept alive by liquid food we poured down a tube, I.V. solutions we dripped into his veins, and oxygen we piped to a mask on his face, he begged us: ‘Mercy… for God’s sake, please just let me go.” Suffering the disease, Mac was much weaker than before who cannot live without the instruments or medical substances. The treatment itself is a torture also. Mac could not bear the agony anymore and pleaded for death.,15,,work their miracles: resuscitate the patient who has stopped breathing, make the patient who almost dies alive again. It’s a miracle process.,16,,irrigate the big craters of bedsores The verb “irrigate“ normally means “to supply water to land or crops to help growth.“ In medicine, the word can be used to mean “to apply a continuous flow of water or medication to an organ or a wound.“,17,,suction the lung fluids that threatened to drown him drain the excessive lung fluids that threaten his life,18,,Where in the essay can we find descriptions of Macs condition when he was being treated? Why do you think Huttmann is being so specific and detailed? (paras. 6 & 7) Mostly in para. 6, and the latter part of para. 7. She gives such detailed and specific descriptions of Macs condition to make vivid to the reader the horrifying sufferings Mac had to endure, ultimately to support her argument that a patient in such condition should be given the right to die if he should so request.,19,,Para 7 當(dāng)他第一次停止呼吸時(shí)，護(hù)士按動(dòng)按鈕去呼叫遍布整個(gè)醫(yī)院的緊急救命，然后派遣醫(yī)療小組趕去搶救這個(gè)病人。每次他停止呼吸，有時(shí)一天會(huì)有兩三次，醫(yī)療小隊(duì)又會(huì)過(guò)來(lái)?yè)尵人ａt(yī)生和技術(shù)人員創(chuàng)造著他們的奇跡然后離開(kāi)。護(hù)士們會(huì)繼續(xù)留在那里擦拭著從病人嘴里流出來(lái)的唾液，沖洗掉布滿他臀部由于褥瘡而產(chǎn)生的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，抽吸掉幾乎要把他淹死的肺部液體，清理掉那些像堿液一樣會(huì)燃燒他的皮膚的糞便，把營(yíng)養(yǎng)液注入他胃部的管道，把枕頭放在他膝蓋中間去減輕骨頭與骨頭碰觸的疼痛，每隔兩個(gè)小時(shí)要換掉他的病服以防被汗水浸濕。,20,,that seemed woven into the fabric of my uniform that seemed to have become an element of the fabric of my uniform weave sth. into include sth. as an integral part or element (of a fabric); include an element in a story, an artistic work, etc. Some golden threads are woven into the fabric. Argumentative paragraphs are naturally woven into Huttmanns narration.,21,,And every night I prayed that Mac would die, that his agonized eyes would never again plead with me to let him die. Paraphrasing: Every night I spoke to God, wishing that He could let Mac go peacefully so that he would no longer look at me so painfully, begging me not to let him suffer anymore.,22,,to be liable for negligence to be held responsible for failing to perform my duty be liable for to be responsible for by law, to be legally answerable to be liable to be likely to do or to be something, likely to experience sth. (unpleasant) e.g. Once you have contacted the credit card protection scheme, you are no longer liable for any loss that might occur. He is suffering from hypertension(高血壓) and thus is liable to fall if he gets up too suddenly. The low-lying areas are liable to floods during the rainy season.,23,,To not do it is to be liable for negligence, at least in the eyes of many people, including some nurses. Paraphrasing: If we fail or refuse to resuscitate him, we are likely to be sued for criminal negligence, and at least many people, including some of our nurses, believe that we should be thus punished by law.,24,,8.晚上我回到家試圖擦洗掉已經(jīng)滲透到我工作服的腐爛的肉的味道。它在我的頭發(fā)里，在我汽車(chē)座位的墊子里——洗也洗不掉。每天晚上我祈求著他萬(wàn)分痛苦的雙眼不要再懇求我讓他死去。 9.每天早上我都去向醫(yī)生請(qǐng)求一個(gè)不再緊急治療的命令。沒(méi)有那個(gè)命令的話，我們就不得不去搶救每個(gè)已經(jīng)停止了呼吸的病人。他（Mac)的醫(yī)生就是其中一個(gè)相信只要有方法和知識(shí)去搶救病人，就一定要延長(zhǎng)他們的生命的。不這么做就等于要對(duì)自己的疏忽負(fù)責(zé)任，最起碼在有些人的眼里，這也包括一些護(hù)士。我想著如果Mac停止了呼吸而我沒(méi)有按動(dòng)那個(gè)救援的按鈕，那么當(dāng)我被控告作為一個(gè)殺人者，站在法官面前時(shí)，這一切會(huì)變得怎么樣。,25,,when no amount of pain medication stilled his moaning and agony when his pain was so acute that no matter how much pain-relieving medication was used, his suffering could not be eased still vt. & vi. e.g. He clapped his hands to still the agitated audience. When night fell, the village which was boisterous(喧鬧的 ) with tourists in the daytime stilled.,26,,I wondered about a spiritual judge. I wondered if there was a spiritual judge (as against a legal judge), who would be supportive of my decision not to push the code blue button, thus to put an end to all this.,27,,“Was all this misery and suffering supposed to be building character or infusing us all with the sense of humility that comes form impotence?” Does God inflict all this misery and suffering on us in order to build our character or let us learn humility by knowing that we are so tiny that we cannot rival with the destiny? building character developing his personal qualities (so that he could face up to the adversity better),28,,10. 在搶救Mac 52次后，當(dāng)他頭腦還足夠清醒時(shí)，他再一次向我請(qǐng)求死亡，Maura也在我的懷里崩潰了 ，當(dāng)無(wú)論再多的止痛藥也無(wú)法停止他的呻吟和痛苦時(shí)，我在思考著一個(gè)精神審判。是不是所有的痛苦都應(yīng)該被拿去塑造個(gè)性或者使我們充滿由于我們的無(wú)能為力而帶來(lái)的所謂謙遜感。,29,,self-righteous adj. having a certainty, especially an unfounded one, that one is totally correct or superior He is critical of the monks, whom he considers narrow-minded and self-righteous. 他對(duì)僧侶們頗有微詞，認(rèn)為他們思想偏狹，自視清高。,30,,meddle in interfere in e.g. Young people today do not like their parents to meddle in their lives. meddle with touch or handle sth. without permission e.g. You can use my room but youre not supposed to meddle with my stuffs, especially my computer.,31,,11. 我們相信著只要通過(guò)科學(xué)就能救人的錯(cuò)誤觀念，我們，整個(gè)醫(yī)學(xué)界，是否已經(jīng)變得太自大了？認(rèn)為插手上帝的工作也是我們的責(zé)任，道德律令及法律義務(wù)，我們是否已經(jīng)變得過(guò)于自以為是？我們真的相信我們有這個(gè)權(quán)利去強(qiáng)制一個(gè)十分痛苦的并懇求能有權(quán)利死去的人繼續(xù)活下去嗎？ /////我們所有的醫(yī)務(wù)人員是否變得如此高傲，真會(huì)相信科學(xué)手段能拯救生命這樣的妄想？我們是否變得如此自以為是，把敢于上帝的工作當(dāng)做是我們的天職、我們的道德責(zé)任、我們的法律義務(wù)？我們難道真的相信我們有權(quán)把“生命”強(qiáng)加給一個(gè)痛不欲生、懇求給他死的權(quán)利的病人？,32,,the blessed relief of coma Coma refers to a state of deep unconsciousness that lasts for a prolonged period, caused especially by severe injury or illness. When in a coma, the patient is not conscious of any pain. Thats why Huttmann thinks it is a blessed relief. “I thought he at last had the blessed relief of coma.” Coma is a relief to him which is much better than the clear feeling of pain. The narrator thought he had coma because he was still for so long.,33,,riddled me with guilt filled me with a strong sense of guilt The verb riddle here means “fill or permeate sb. or sth. esp. with sth. unpleasant or undesirable“.,34,,A clutch of panic banded my chest I was so seized by panic that I felt simply suffocated clutch n. grasp band v. surround (an object) with sth. in the form of a strip or ring, typically for reinforcement or decoration (usu.be banded ) e.g. The doors to the warehouse are all banded with iron to make them stronger.,35,,A clutch of panic banded my chest, drew my finger to the code button, urged me to do something, anything.” The nurse was not cold-blooded as the public thought. The original panic and the respect of life drove her to do something or anything rather than to stand around to see Mac die.,36,,a waxen pallor slowly transformed his face from person to empty shell the unhealthily pale colour of his face indicated that he was sinking Nothing Ive ever done in my 47 years has taken so much effort as it took not to press that code button. Paraphrasing: It is the toughest decision I have ever had to make in the 47 years of my life that I shall not press the button this time to summon the code team.,37,,1. Was it a difficult decision for Huttmann to make not to push the button in time? (para. 15) Obviously it was, as she relates in para. 15 “Nothing Ive ever done in my 47 years has taken so much effort as it took not to press that code button.“,38,,the legal twilight zone Twilight zone refers to a situation of confusion or uncertainty, which seems to exist between two different states or categories. Thus the legal twilight zone Huttmann says she entered here refers to the situation in which her action of pushing the button to call code blue can be deemed either legal or not legal.,39,,Cradling her in my arms was like cradling myself, Mac, and all those patients and nurses who had been in this place before, who do the best they can in a death-denying society. 譯文： 懷里摟著她，就像是摟著我自己、邁克、還有每一個(gè)曾經(jīng)在這里的病人和護(hù)士。這些人以最大的努力生存在一個(gè)否定死亡的社會(huì)中。 a death-denying society a society where its members are not given the right to die,40,,Until there is legislation making it a criminal act to code a patient who has requested the right to die… Until it becomes law that it is a criminal act to call a resuscitation team to save a patient who has voluntarily asked for the right to die … We will all experience the same as Mac did unless a new law is adopted, stipulating that it shall constitute a crime to try to bring back life to a patient who is perfectly justified to claim the right to end his life.,41,,1. Where does Huttmann state her thesis? (para. 18) In the last paragraph: Until there is legislation making it a criminal act to code a patient who has requested the right to die, we will all of us risk the same fate as Mac. For whatever reason, we developed the means to prolong life, and now we are forced to use it. We do not have the right to die.,42,,,43,,1. In the Phil Donahue Show Huttmann as a guest was accused of murder by most, if not all, of the audience with regard to Macs death. Put yourself in Huttmanns position and give a talk to defend yourself. 2. Thirty years after the publication of Huttmanns essay, euthanasia is still an unsettled issue in todays world. Form two groups, one for legitimizing euthanasia and the other against it, and have a debate on the issue.,44,,,45,,Body Paragraphs Purpose of Body Paragraphs The ideas, facts, details, and examples enclosed in the body paragraphs are designed to support and develop the central point stated in the opening. The body paragraphs in an essay may vary in number depending on the subject matter and the purpose for writing. While the body paragraphs relate directly to the thesis statement in the opening, each paragraph has its own main idea to highlight and information to support that main idea.,46,,Strategies of Writing Body Paragraphs Essays employ a number of rhetorical strategies, each of which describes a particular form of development or arrangement of ideas. Only rarely is any one of these strategies employed alone. Instead, they are almost always used in a combination suited to the subject matter — often along with one or another of the primary modes of discourse as well. Remember, the aim of an essay is invariably a clear presentation or explanation of ideas. You may base your choice of a strategy or strategies upon several factors: your writing purpose, the central point of your essay, your intended audience, and your viewpoint as a writer.,47,,Example An essay of multiple paragraphs makes it possible for you to decide flexibly how to apply and blend strategies when you write an essay. For example, suppose you wanted to compare life in a large city with that in a small town. In only a single paragraph, you would have to focus on a few major similarities and differences and cover these briefly. However, in an essay, you might even devote an entire body paragraph to similarities and another, differences. You might even devote a third to another strategy — drawing an analogy, for instance, or relating an anecdote.,48,,Guidelines for Choosing Body Paragraph Strategies When you write an essay, you can combine strategies to suit your purpose, content and audience. Use the following guidelines to choose a strategy or combination of strategies wisely. Consider your writing purpose. Certain strategies are especially appropriate for accomplishing particular purposes. For example, for informative or persuasive essays, facts and examples can support your ideas and a compare/contrast or cause/effect strategy can help explain them. For a descriptive essay, you will want to use description, perhaps in combination with analogy. Consider the complexity of your ideas and information and the knowledge level of your audience. Examples and definitions help to clarify difficult content. Classification, too, can make complicated content easier to follow. An analogy can be helpful as long as the analogy is clear and sound.,49,,Stay focused on your central point. Strategies should help to convey the central point of an essay without distracting readers. For example, narration can effectively reveal aspects of someones personality, if you choose a relevant story or anecdote. However, if the central point of your essay is how kindhearted your cousin is, then, stories or anecdotes should reflect this trait. An anecdote that deals with, say, your cousins love of music will blur the focus of your essay at this point. Put yourself in the readers place. If you are not sure whether the strategy or strategies you have chosen are the “best“ to use, try to view your content as a reader rather than as a writer. Suppose, for example, you are planning an essay to persuade readers that college courses should be graded on a pass/fail basis. What approach would be most likely to convince a reader? Facts and examples? An analogy? Some other strategy? Viewing matters from the readers vantage point may help you choose your approach.,50,,Be flexible. Make your writing richer and more expressive by experimenting with different strategies and different combinations of strategies. For example, in an informative essay about how exercise improves muscle tone even in elderly people, you might use narration to tell about a specific elderly persons improved strength after beginning an exercise program. Coherence in Body Paragraphs Coherence in an essay can be created by carefully organizing main ideas and supporting information in the body paragraphs. Methods of organization include chronological order, spatial order, and order of importance or interest. You can also create coherence in an essay by using transitions to join ideas and information to create a smooth flow.,51,,,52,,1. Six months shouldn’t be considered a long period of time, but six months is an unbearably long passage of time when we had to see him gradually reduced from a strong and intelligent young guy to a helpless and disabled man. 2. Every night I spoke to God, wishing that He could let Mac go peacefully so that he would no longer look at me so painfully, begging me not to let him suffer anymore. 3. If we fail or refuse to resuscitate him, we are likely to be sued for criminal negligence, and at least many people, including some of our nurses, believe that we should be thus punished by law. 4. It is the toughest decision I have ever had to make in the 47 years of my life that I shall not press the button this time to summon the code team. 5. We will all experience the same as Mac did unless a new law is adopted, stipulating that it shall constitute a crime to try to bring back life to a patient who is perfectly justified to claim the right to end his life.,53,,1. A characteristic these Russian composers share is that their compositions are infused with Russian folk music elements. 2. The parents of the kidnapped child, agreeing to pay the ransom the kidnappers asked for, pleaded with them not to hurt their little girl. 3. The newly appointed director, who has taken a similar position overseas, injects new ideas into the management of the company. 4. A good professor should be able to give a lucid and intelligible explanation of an abstruse and complicated issue. 5. According to law, is he held liable for the debts his deceased father has left unpaid? 6. The writer has successfully woven some romantic love stories into this generally serious historical novel. 7. The doctors had undoubtedly worked a miracle when the patient who had been in a coma for more than 20 days as a result of severe brain injuries had finally come to life. 8. After finishing all those term papers she had to submit and all those exams she had to sit for, she felt completely beaten.,54,,我們所有的醫(yī)務(wù)人員是否變得如此高傲，真會(huì)相信科學(xué)手段能拯救生命這樣的妄想？我們是否變得如此自以為是，把敢于上帝的工作當(dāng)做是我們的天職、我們的道德責(zé)任、我們的法律義務(wù)？我們難道真的相信我們有權(quán)把“生命”強(qiáng)加給一個(gè)痛不欲生、懇求給他死的權(quán)利的病人？,55,,Language Work Grammar 1-5 BCCBB 6-10 CDADC Vocabulary A 1. imperative 2. meddle in 3. resuscitate 4. haggard 5. crumble 6. arrogant 7. coma B 1-5 BACAC 6-10 ABDAD 2. 1. eliciting, illicit 2. illicit 3. elicit 4. elicited 5. illicit 6. elicited 1. before 2. ahead of 3. in front of 4. before 5. before/ ahead of, before 6. before