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2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ) 語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)專題 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) %一、考點(diǎn)聚焦 1、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)考查要點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)述 （1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析 ①表示客觀事實(shí)或普通真理（不受時(shí)態(tài)限制） The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. Water boils at 100oC. ②表示現(xiàn)狀、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)時(shí)多用系動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞；表示經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，多用動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，且常與表頻率的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 Ice feels cold. We always care for each other and help each other. ③表示知覺(jué)、態(tài)度、感情、某種抽象的關(guān)系或概念的詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如： I know what you mean. Smith owns a car and a house. All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School. ④在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。但要注意由if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示時(shí)態(tài)。 If you will accept my invitation and e to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并參加我們的舞會(huì)，我的家人會(huì)非常高興。 ⑤少數(shù)用于表示起止的動(dòng)詞如e、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。當(dāng)be表示根據(jù)時(shí)間或事先安排，肯定會(huì)出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，只用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day. Tomorrow is Wednesday. （2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)的考點(diǎn)分析（考核重點(diǎn)）。 ①一般過(guò)去時(shí)的基本用法：表示過(guò)去的事情、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)常與表示過(guò)去具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用（或有上下文語(yǔ)境暗示）；用于表達(dá)過(guò)去的習(xí)慣；表示說(shuō)話人原來(lái)沒(méi)有料到、想到或希望的事通常用過(guò)去式。如： I met her in the street yesterday. I once saw the famous star here. They never drank wine. I thought the film would be interesting,but it isn’t. ②如果從句中有一個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，盡管從句中的動(dòng)作先于主句發(fā)生，但從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連用過(guò)去式。如： He told me he read an interesting novel last night. ③表示兩個(gè)緊接著發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常由以下詞語(yǔ)連接，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。 The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her. He bought a watch but lost it. ④常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的句型： Why didn’t you / I think of that? I didn’t notice it. I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before. I didn’t recognize him. （3）一般將來(lái)時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析。 ①表示未來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)常用will / shall + 動(dòng)詞（常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)邊用如tomorrow、next week等）。 ②表示一種趨向或習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。 We’ll die without air or water. ③表示趨向行為的動(dòng)詞如e、go、start、begin、leave等詞常用進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式表示將來(lái)時(shí)。 ④be going to與will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及區(qū)別： be going to 表示現(xiàn)在打算在最近或?qū)?lái)要做某事，這種打算往往經(jīng)過(guò)事先考慮，甚至已做了某種準(zhǔn)備；shall / will do表示未事先考慮過(guò)，即說(shuō)話時(shí)臨時(shí)作出的決定。 be going to 表將來(lái)，不能用在條件狀語(yǔ)從句的主句中；而will則能，表意愿。如： If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.(正確) If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(錯(cuò)誤) be to do sth.表按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，還可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。 A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock this afternoon. be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句。 Autumn harvest is about to start. （4）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析。 ①表示說(shuō)話時(shí)正在發(fā)生著的一個(gè)動(dòng)作；表示現(xiàn)階段但不一定是發(fā)生在講話時(shí)；表近期特定的安排或計(jì)劃；go、e等起止動(dòng)作可用進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。如： It is raining now. He is teaching English and learning Chinese. I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight. We are leaving on Friday. At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.) The girl is always talking loud in public.(與always、often等頻度副詞連用，表經(jīng)常反復(fù)的行動(dòng)或某種感情色彩) ②下面四類動(dòng)詞不宜用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。（A）表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動(dòng)作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。（C）表示一時(shí)性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, plete。（D）表示感官的動(dòng)詞：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。 （5）過(guò)去完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析（考核重點(diǎn)）。 ①常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的幾種情況：（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)或從句以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. (B)表示曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算、意圖、諾言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/ though / wanted / expected等或用上述動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned … + to have done。（C）“時(shí)間名詞 + before”在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；“時(shí)間名詞 + ago”在句中作狀語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.（D）表示“一……就”的幾個(gè)句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去分詞 + when / than / before + 一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started. ②在before或after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 After he (had)left the room, the boss came in. We arrived home before it snowed. （6）過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析。 參照一般將來(lái)時(shí)對(duì)比：用would do、was / were going to do sth.表過(guò)去將來(lái)；e、go、leave等過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表過(guò)去將來(lái)。 （7）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析。 ①過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生或頻繁發(fā)生。 ②某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)另一動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生，其中一個(gè)在由when或while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中。 （8）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析。 ①現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)除可以和for、since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)連用外，還可以和下面的介詞短語(yǔ)連用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。 ②下列句型中常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) It is (has been) + 一段時(shí)間 + since從句 This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that + 完成時(shí) This(That / It)is the only … + that + 完成時(shí) This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting … + that 從句 + 完成時(shí) ③在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。如： I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it. If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better. Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped. （9）注意幾組時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別： ①一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：時(shí)間上有差異：凡有過(guò)去時(shí)間的均用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，不能用完成時(shí)態(tài)，如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。 結(jié)果上有差異：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)“現(xiàn)在”的影響和結(jié)果，動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在剛完成或還在繼續(xù)；一般過(guò)去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過(guò)去”，和現(xiàn)在毫無(wú)關(guān)系。 ②過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)：過(guò)去完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”；如出現(xiàn)同一主語(yǔ)連續(xù)幾個(gè)動(dòng)作（“連謂”）形式則只用一般過(guò)去時(shí)即可。 2、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)考查要點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)述 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式：be + 過(guò)去分詞，口語(yǔ)只也有用get / bee + 過(guò)去分詞表示。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本用法：不知道或沒(méi)必要提到動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)時(shí)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（by短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以省略）。 （1）使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題。 ①主動(dòng)變化被動(dòng)時(shí)雙賓語(yǔ)的變化?？聪铝欣洹? My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday. An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday. I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday. ②主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)時(shí)，賓補(bǔ)成主補(bǔ)（位置不變）；（作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的）不定式前需加to。 The boss made him work all day long. He was made to work all day long(by the boss) ③短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，勿要掉“尾巴”。 The children were taken good care of (by her). Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to. ④情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等結(jié)構(gòu)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，只需將它們后面的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閎e +過(guò)去分詞。 ⑤當(dāng)句子的謂語(yǔ)為say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等時(shí)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式：（A）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，動(dòng)詞不定式作主補(bǔ)。（B）用it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)在后面用主語(yǔ)在后面用主語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示。如： People say he is a smart boy. It is said that he is a smart boy. He is said to be a smart boy. People know paper was made in China first. It is known that paper was made in China first. Paper was known to be made in China first. 類似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that … （2）不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況。 ①所有的不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞詞組不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之中。 ②表示狀態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。 ③表示歸屬的動(dòng)詞，如have、own、belong to等。 ④表示“希望、意圖”的動(dòng)詞，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。 ⑤賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 ⑥賓語(yǔ)是同源賓語(yǔ)，不定式、動(dòng)名詞等謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 ⑦有些動(dòng)詞以其主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，特別是當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是物時(shí)，常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。 （3）主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。 ①當(dāng)feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容詞時(shí)；當(dāng)cut、read、sell、wear、write等詞帶狀語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)；當(dāng)動(dòng)詞表示“開(kāi)始、結(jié)束、關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動(dòng)”等意義時(shí)。 This kind of cloth washes easily.這種布易洗。 These novels won’t sell well.這些小說(shuō)不暢銷。 My pen writes smoothly.我的鋼筆寫起來(lái)很流暢。 The door won’t lock.門鎖不上。 The fish smells good.魚聞起來(lái)香。 ②當(dāng)break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等動(dòng)詞表示“發(fā)生、關(guān)閉、制定”等意思時(shí)。 The plan worked out successfully. The lamps on the wall turn off. ③want, require, need后面的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)含義。 ④be worth doing用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。 ⑤在“be + 形容詞 + to do”中，不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)，用主動(dòng)代被動(dòng)。 This kind of water isn’t fit to drink. The girl isn’t easy to get along with. 另外：be to blame(受譴責(zé))，be to rent（出租）也用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。 （4）被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義的幾種情況。 ①be seated坐著 He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。 ②be hidden躲藏 He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在門后。 ③be lost迷路 ④be drunk喝醉 ⑤be dressed穿著 The girl was dressed in a red short skirt. （5）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)表主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)或狀態(tài)。如： The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) The book is well sold.(系表結(jié)構(gòu)) Z二、精典名題導(dǎo)解 選擇填空 1. Visitors ________not to touch the exhibits.(NMET xx) A.will request B.are requested C.are requesting D.request 解析：答案為B。此題的時(shí)態(tài)是不難判斷的，因?yàn)檎f(shuō)的是一條規(guī)定，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，而visitor與request之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，即request visitors not to touch the exhibits,究竟是誰(shuí)要求他們這樣做呢？不清楚，也不必知道，因此需要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。分析visitors與request之間的關(guān)系是此題的解題關(guān)鍵。 2. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology __________ so rapidly.(NMET xx) A.is changing B.has changed C.will have changed D.will change 解析：答案為A。此題考查現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的用法。句意為“選擇一部移動(dòng)電話不是一件容易的事，因?yàn)榭萍及l(fā)展得十分迅速。”本句的主句一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表達(dá)的是目前的情況，而“科技發(fā)展迅速”也是現(xiàn)階段正存在的一種狀態(tài)，不是在過(guò)去，也不是在將來(lái)，因此只能用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá)。 3. All the preparations for the task ___________, and we’re ready to start.（xx年春季高考） Apleted Bplete C.had been pleted D.have been pleted 解析：答案為D?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去年做的事對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。從and we’re ready to start句意可知，一切準(zhǔn)備工作已經(jīng)就緒，可以開(kāi)始工作了。plete是及物動(dòng)詞，與句子的主語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以需要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表達(dá)。注意①分清plete與主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系；②結(jié)合語(yǔ)境選擇正確時(shí)態(tài)。