裝配圖ZL05裝載機總體及其工作裝置設計,裝配,zl05,裝載,總體,整體,及其,工作,裝置,設計 本科生畢業(yè)設計（論文） 翻譯資料 英文題目：Aspects to improve cabin comfort of wheel loaders and excavators accord- ing to operators 中文題目：改變輪式裝載機和挖掘機機艙里操作者舒適性的方面的內容 學生姓名：李鑫 學 號：14020926 班 級：140209 專 業(yè)：機械工程及自動化 指導教師：李 風 Aspects to improve cabin comfort of wheel loaders and excavators according to operators Abstract Comfort plays an increasingly important role in interior design of earth moving equipment. Although research has been conducted on vehicle interiors of wheel loa- ders and excavators, hardly any information is known about the operator’s opinion. In this study a questionnaire was completed by machine operators to get their opinion about aspects which need to be improved in order to design a more comfortable vehi- cle interior. The results show that almost half of the operators rate the comfort of th- eir cabin“average” or “poor”. According to the operators, cab comfort of wheel loaders can be increased by improving seat comfort. Besides improving seat comfort, cabin comfort of excavators can be improved by changing the cab design (including dimensions, ingress/egress), view, reliability, and climate control. Keywords: Cabin comfort; Operators’ opinion; Earth moving equipment. 1. Introduction Comfort plays an increasingly important role in vehicle design. As machine operators of earth moving equipment often spend long hours in their vehicle— some- times even more than 8 h a day—comfort is a major issue in interior design of these machines.Operating earth-moving machinery is not a physically heavy job and can be sustained for long periods.Nevertheless, operating such a machine appears to be a risk factor for musculoskeletal disorders, especially when the task is not interrupted by other working activities or breaks. Zimmerman et al. (1997) showed that the main problems of earth-moving machinery operators concern physical complaints in the neck/ shoulder and low back region, general fatigue and feelings of discomfort. This might be attributed to a combination of static load during prolonged sitting— frequ- ently in awkward postures—exposure to whole body vibrations, and handling and steering the machine(Zimmerman et al., 1997; Tola et al., 1988; de Looze et al., 2000). A comfortable well-designed vehicle interior may reduce awkward postures and provide an environment that stimulates optimal operator performance. Based on a literature review about musculoskeletal disorders and their risk factors, Zimmerman et al. (1997) made four recommendations for reducing work-related musculoskeletal disorders among operators: minimizing of magnitude and frequency of vibration rea- ching the operator; locating controls optimally to minimize reach distances, trunk ?exion and trunk rotation; providing maximum operator visibility from an upright supported seated posture; and taking regular breaks to minimize the effects of sus- tained postures. Improvements of cab comfort are very often based on reducing the risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (Zimmerman et al., 1997; Attebrant et al., 1997). Only a few studies have mentioned aspects which operators wishto see improved. Nakada (1997) describes the desirability ranking for dump trucks and wheel loaders given by product creators, designers, design engineers, operators and young people. Nakada, (1997) shows that much design attention has been paid to instrument panel/monitors and meters and the operator seat. Unfor- tunately, the operators’ opinions cannot be distinguished in Nakada’s study (1997). However, in order to design a comfortable vehicle interior, the opinion of the operators is important as they are the end-users of the machines. Their user expe- rience may be of great help designing a more comfortable vehicle interior. The aim of the current study is to ?nd aspects mentioned by wheel loader and excavator ope- rators, which can be used to improve the comfort of vehicle interiors in the future. In this article we describe the results of a questionnaire given to 273 machine operators. They were asked their opinion about their current machine, their future demands and aspects they considered important to work well with the machine. This allowed us to identify aspects that need improvement in machine design. 2. Method 2.1. Subjects A convenience sample was obtained through approaching operators visiting Ba- uma (the world’s largest exhibition for construction equipment). Most of the parti- cipants were wheel loader operators (n = 61) and excavator operators (n=212). The others (n = 65) were operators of several construction machines (e.g., mobile cranes, dozers, tower cranes, off-road trucks). Only the results for wheel loader and excava- tor operators are presented in this article, as they account for 18% and 62.7% of the total number of respondents respectively. Figs. 1 and 2 show a typical wheel loader and excavator. 2.2. Questionnaire Data were collected by means of a questionnaire which was completed during an interview. The questionnaire was divided into three parts: (1) characteristics of the population, (2) evaluation of the current machine being operated, and (3) future de- mands on earthmoving machinery. In the ?rst part we asked the operator’s age, years of experience as operator, the kind of machinery being operated and its age. In the se- cond part of the questionnaire, operators evaluated their machine by rating overall comfort and their opinion of speci?c parts of the machine on a four-point scale (very good, good, average, poor). Finally, two open questions asked about the operator’s f- uture demands: what improvements would make the machine more comfortable and what aspects are the most important to work well with the machine. 2.3. Data analysis Data were sorted by machine type, after which the responses of wheel loader operators and excavator operators were separately analyzed. Within these groups, operators of older machinery (≥4 years old) were separated from operators of newer machinery (〈4 years old). In addition, the categories ‘‘very good’’ and‘‘good’’ were combined (‘‘very good/good’’) and the categories ‘‘average’’ and ‘‘poor’’ were com- bined(‘‘average/poor’’). Frequency tables were made of the operators opinions about overall machine comfort and about their opinions about speci?c parts of their machines. Chi-square was calculated between age of machine and overall comfort and between age of ma- chine and the operators’ opinion of speci?c parts of the machine. We assumed that if fewer than 80% of the operators rated a part of the machine ‘‘good/very good’’, im- provement of this part could contribute to a more comfortable vehicle interior. In part three of the questionnaire, the operators indicated aspects to improve machine com- fort and aspects they found necessary to work well with the machine. We classi?ed these aspects into categories and calculated the percentage responses. 3. Results 3.1. Characteristics of the population Both the wheel loader operators (mean age: 36.5±9.4 years) and the excavator operators (mean age: 36.3±9.3 years) who participated in this study, were experien- ced with a mean of 12.3 (±8.1) and 13.4 (±9.2) years of service, respectively. Half of the operators operate machines less than 4 years old (53% of the wheel loader and 50% of the excavator operators). 3.2. Evaluation of current machine 57.4% of wheel loader operators and 55.9% of the excavator operators rated the overall cabin comfort‘‘good/very good’’. It shows that operators of newer machinery (<4 years old) rated the overall cab comfort as ‘‘good/very good’’ more often than operators of older machines (≥4 years old). This was found both among wheel load- ers (χ2(1)=8.5,p<0.04) and among excavators (χ2(1)=23.0,p<0.001).Seventy-eight percent of the operators driving wheel loaders less than 4 years old, rated the comfort of their machine as ‘‘good/very good’’.With excavator operators this ?gure was 81%. These results show that during recent years the experienced cab comfort of excavat- ors and wheel loaders has improved.It illustrates the opinion of the operators about speci?c parts of the machines less than 4 years old.Fewer aspects of wheel loaders are rated‘‘average/poor’’ by more than 20% of the operators, than excavators. Com- mon aspects which can contribute to increase of cab comfort are dashboard and dis- plays, adjustability of seats and controls, vibration and damping, noise reduction, and seat comfort. Excavator operators would also like to see improvement of climate co- ntrol, improved machine appearance, and better cab dimensions (including interior space, ingress/egress),view, and reliability. 3.3. Future demands The participants generated 467 items desired to improve the machine’s comfort. We classi?ed these aspects into 15 categories (see Table 2). It shows which features should be improved according to the operators. Seat comfort, climate control and ac- cessories are often mentioned for both wheel loaders (20%, 12%,15%, resp.) and ex- cavators (21%, 19%, 12%, resp.).Excavator operators also mention cab design (inc- luding dimensions, ingress/egress; 19%). The aspects considered most important to work well with the machine are sum- marized . Machine performance is by far the most important issue if we look at the averages. Other aspects like view and reliability play less important roles. 4. Discussion The aim of the current study was to ?nd aspects mentioned by wheel loader and excavator operators which can be used to improve the comfort of vehicle interiors in future. In order to ?nd these aspects, we asked questions about three issues. ?about comfort of speci?c aspects of the cab (rating on a four-point scale); ?about aspects necessary to improve the cab comfort (open question); ?about aspects important to work well with the machine (open question). Excavator and wheel loader operators mentioned improved seat comfort, clim- ate control and accessories as ways to increase cab comfort. Excavator operators also mentioned cab design (including dimensions, ingress/egress). These aspects were al- so rated as‘‘average/poor’’ by more than 20% of the operators (except accessories be- cause this was not an item in the second part of the questionnaire). Other aspects wh- ich can be taken into account with cab design are those which operators mention as most important aspects to work well with the machine. Especially when these aspects are also rated as ‘‘average/poor’’ by more than 20% of the operators, they need spec- ial attention.Improving these aspects have priority in designing a more comfortable cab. In our study, we collected our data among visitors to the Bauma exhibition in 2001. The advantage of this collection method is that it is possible to reach a large group of operators within a short period of time, at the same time getting a large re- sponse, which would normally be very dif?cult. A disadvantage might be that the va- st majority of respondents were German which could mean that the results have a li- mited validity among operators in other countries. The German operators may have other ideas about cab comfort than operators, who work in other countries. The de- mands of the operators on their machine depend on the working environment (e.g., climate, landscape, dust) and their tasks (e.g., driving off road, driving on the main road), which can be different between countries. Besides, the operators based their opinion on their current machine. It is possible that in Germany certain brands are overrepresented compared to other countries and that the operator’s opinion might vary according to the brand. The most common brands would therefore in?uence the results of our study as many operators use one of these machines (Excavators: brand A 22.6%, brand B 22.2%;Wheel loaders: brand A 21.3%, brand B 18%, brand C 11.5 %). Since we used a short questionnaire to collect the data, no detailed information could be asked. The goal of our study was to get a global view on the operators’ opi- nion. The open questions gave the operators the opportunity to think open-minded which may render valuable information. Open questions are less suitable for data an- alysis, because we needed to categorize answers. Inevitably information is lost in this process, but the goal of obtaining a global view was nevertheless achieved. Our results show that seat comfort, climate control, accessories (for wheel load- ers and excavators) and cab design (including dimensions, ingress/egress), view, and reliability (for excavators only) are the aspects which can improve cab comfort. All these aspects are rated‘‘average/poor’’ by more than 20% of the operators and they a- re also mentioned as aspects which need improvement in order to increase cab com- fort. In our opinion designers should give priority to these items when redesigning cabs. It is interesting that operators did not mention vibration as an aspect which can improve comfort, as it was ranked high on the list of machine parts rated ‘‘average/p- oor’’. Besides, whole body vibration is a serious health hazard (Houtman et al., 200 1). It is possible that the operators did not mention vibration because they may see vibration as an engine property or an inevitable consequence of working on earth- moving equipment. Operators might have the idea that vibration cannot be reduced by redesigning only the cab. It is,however, unclear why operators did not mention vibration. When comparing excavators and wheel loaders, improving seat comfort is an is- sue for both wheel loaders and excavators. Although seat comfort in excavators has been improved during recent years (see Table 1), improvements are still necessary. However,this is not easy as sitting comfort depends on many other factors more or less related to seat design: e.g., adjustability of seat and controls, vibration and dam- ping, and view. For example, a bad view from the cabin can result in awkward body postures, which reduces comfort in spite of a comfortable seat. Beyond the common aspect seat comfort, many differences exist between wheel loaders and excavators. One difference we found between the excavator and the wh- eel loader was that excavator cab design (including dimensions and ingress/egress) needs improvement. This difference may be explained by access and space. Firs- t,there is a difference in machine access with grips generally quite wide apart and steps to the cabin far from optimal, being either too high or too narrow. Operators could experience this as a problem. Secondly, there is a fundamental difference be- tween wheel loaders and excavators in the space available for the cab. With the pre- sent design, excavators have a limited width available for the cab as it must be posi- tioned between the boom and the left machine side, leaving approximately 1 m for the cab. Another difference is that improving view can increase the cab comfort of the excavator. View is a very important aspect to work well with the excavator. The boo- m of the excavator has a wide range of motion and the operator needs to see the bu- cket for the full range. A comfortable cab provides a clear view of the work place and the bucket, without necessitating awkward postures. In the introduction, we stated that comfort plays an important role in cab design. It is therefore interesting to ?nd that the operators did not mention comfort as one of the most important aspects to work well with the machine. They mentioned aspects such as the machine’s performance, reliability, view and operability. It seems that operators think ?rst about the basic requirements needed to perform their task and apparently do not see comfort as one of them. If we compare our results with the results of Nakada, (1997), in both studies the operator seat is ranked as important. Instrument panel, monitors and meters are also ranked as important in Nakada’s study. In our study vibration, dashboard and disp- lays are high on the list of parts rated as ‘‘average/poor’’ by more than 20% of the operators, but they are not seen as aspects that can improve cab comfort. Nakada’s study did not mention vibration at all. A reason for this may be that in our study, ex- perienced operators played a larger role than in Nakada’s and because that study was focused on interior design. An increase in cab comfort has been achieved during recent years. From Table 1 it seems that wheel loaders have made progress on fewer aspects than excavators. But in fact, the improvements of speci?c aspects of wheel loaders (i.e., machine’s ap- pearance, climate control, and view) were of such a high level that these aspects were rated as ‘‘average/poor’’ by fewer than 20% of the operators and are therefore not m- entioned in this table. However, 27.7% of the excavator operators and 25.0% of the wheel loader operators of machinery less than 4 years old rate the cabin’s comfort ‘‘average/ poor’’. These results show that improvement of cab comfort is still needed. In our study, we found some important aspects which can contribute to improvement of cab comfort. Unfortunately, these aspects do not represent detailed information, and we can not say how they should be changed to get a more comfortable cab. The- refore, further research is necessary to indicate speci?c improvements for each mac- hine individually. 5. Conclusion Operators do not mention cabin comfort as one of the most important aspects to work well with the machine, yet when asked about it almost half of the wheel loader and excavator operators rate their cabin’s comfort as ‘‘average/poor’’. Cab comfort of wheel loaders can be increased by improving seat comfort. Besides seat comfort, cab comfort of excavators can be improved by changing the cab design (including dimensions,ingress/egress), view, reliability, and climate control, according to the operators. Because we cannot say speci?cally how these aspects should be changed to get a more comfortable cab, further research is necessary to indicate speci?c impr- ovements for excavators and wheel loaders individually. 改變輪式裝載機和挖掘機機艙里操作者 舒適性的方面的內容 摘要： 在國內在地球上移動的設備的設計中，舒適性的作用越來越重要。盡管研究已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)在輪式裝載機和挖掘機的工具內部，但是操作者對于此信息沒有任何解決辦法。在這項研究中，對機械操作者進行了一次完全的問卷調查，以確定他們?yōu)榱嗽O計出更加舒適的交通工具內部環(huán)境是需要改進機器的那些方面。結果表明幾乎一半的操作者表示他們的機艙的舒適性“一般”或是“很差”。根據(jù)操作者的意見，輪式裝載機的機艙內的舒適性可以通過改變座位的舒適程度來增加。除了改進座位的舒適程度，挖掘機的機艙的舒適性可以通過改變機艙的設計（包括尺寸規(guī)模，入口/出口尺寸），外觀，可靠性和氣候的控制來實現(xiàn)。 關鍵詞：機艙的舒適性，操作者的意見，在地球上移動的設備。 1．介紹 在交通工具的設計中，舒適性所起的作用表現(xiàn)得越來越重要。在地球上移的機械設備的操作者經(jīng)常話大量的時間在他們的交通工具內部，有時一天不僅僅呆8小時——在這些機器的內部設計問題上，舒適性是一個主要的問題。操縱在地球上移動的設備不是身體上的繁重的工作，而是需要長期堅持的工作。然而，操縱如此的機器對于骨骼肌肉的混亂是一種冒險的因素，尤其當工作沒有被其他活動打斷或破壞。Zimmerman et al. (1997)指出在地球上移動的機械的操縱者所關注的主要問題在于機體的疲勞，在頸部，肩部，以及背部區(qū)域，一般的疲勞和不舒服的感覺。這可以歸納為在長期靜坐過程中的負荷作用的累積，這在別扭的姿勢下表現(xiàn)的更為頻繁，這些疲勞在整個身體的震動，操縱和駕駛機器的過程中完全暴露出來。 一個較為舒適的車輛內部的工作環(huán)境可以減少笨拙的姿勢，并能提供一個促使操縱者達到最佳的表現(xiàn)的環(huán)境?；趯趋兰∪獾腻e亂和他們存在的危險因素的文學回顧，Zimmerman et al.在1997年對于減少操縱者工作中的肌肉骨骼的錯亂給出了四條建議：減少操縱者肌肉骨骼的重要性和他們振動的頻率；對于減少所達到的距離，主干的靈活性以及主干的循環(huán)，制定出最佳的控制方案；給以筆直的姿勢坐在位置上的操縱者提供最大限度的能見度；以及進行有規(guī)律的間斷以減少長時間維持的姿勢的影響。機艙的舒適性的改進常常是基于減少工作中使得骨骼肌肉錯亂的危險因素而改變的。(Zimmerman et al., 1997; Attebrant et al., 1997)。只有為數(shù)不多的幾項研究提及了操縱者想要改進的方面。Nakada (1997)根據(jù)其創(chuàng)作者、設計師、設計工程師、經(jīng)營者和年輕人描述出鏟斗車，裝載機的最佳排名。Nakada, (1997)指出，許多設計都注意了儀器的版面，計量器，以及操作者的位置。不幸的是，Nakada’s study (1997)的研究里并沒有將操縱者的意見提出來。 然而，為了設計出一個較為舒適的車輛內部環(huán)境，操縱者的意見是很重要的，因為他們是機器的最終使用者。他們的實踐經(jīng)驗對于設計出更為舒適的車輛內部有很大的幫助。這次研究的目的是找出輪式裝載機和挖掘機的操縱者提出的意見，這對于未來改進車輛內部的舒適性很有幫助。在這篇文章里，我們給出了一個由273個機械操縱者進行調查問卷的結果。他們對目前的機器，未來的需求，以及自認為對能協(xié)助機械工作的重要方面給出了自己的意見。這使得我們能找出改進機械設計方面的問題。 2.方法 2.1.專題 操縱者參觀Bauma（世界上最大的建筑設備展覽館）得到了一個簡單的樣品。大多數(shù)的參加者都是輪式裝載機(n = 61)的操縱者和挖掘機(n=212)的操縱者。其他人(n=65)是一些建筑型機械（例如移動式起重機，推土機，塔式起重機，越野車）的駕駛者。結果只有輪式裝載機和挖掘機操縱者的意見列入了本文中，以為他們分別占據(jù)了18%和62.7%的受訪者總數(shù)。圖1和圖2顯示了典型的輪式裝載機和挖掘機的外形。 2.2.調查表 通過在采訪過程中所完成的調查表完成了數(shù)據(jù)的采集。調查表被分成了三部分：（1）人的特征，（2）目前正在操作的機器的評價，（3）推土機械的未來需求。在第一部分里我們詢問了操作者的年齡，駕駛的年分，駕駛的機