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第三講　如何寫議論文的主體 一、題型特點 議論性讀寫任務型作文指的是根據(jù)閱讀材料所描述的某一事件、現(xiàn)象、觀點或話題發(fā)表個人觀點、意見和建議的一類讀寫任務，其實質(zhì)就是要求考生根據(jù)題目要求寫議論文。 二、寫作技巧 英語議論文有其獨特的框架結(jié)構(gòu)，能讓讀者迅速捕捉作者的觀點和思路，值得考生模仿。寫作時應注意以下幾點。 1.運用過渡語進行銜接過渡 過渡/引出話題 There is no doubt that... It can not be denied that... No one can ignore the fact that... From what is mentioned above, we know... 提出觀點 From my point of view... As far as I am concerned... I hold the view/belief that... Personally, I believe that... 表達立場 Actually, I am in favour of the idea that... In some way, I am against the thought that... 2.采用多種論證方式進行分析 議論文在寫作手法上以議論為主，如通過對比觀點、闡述原因、列舉例子等，但有時也要運用說明、敘述、描寫等手法。議論中的說明常為議論的開展創(chuàng)造條件或為議論作補充；敘述和描寫應是為論點提供依據(jù)，因此，敘述應該是概括的，描寫應該是簡要的。常用的句式有： 總述原因 There are several reasons that contribute to... My views are based on the following reasons. 分層論述 To begin with/First of all...Besides/Furthermore/...Finally/Last but not least... On the one hand...On the other hand... For one thing...For another... 列舉例子 Take...for example. For example/instance... 引出經(jīng)歷 It reminds me of the time when... What impresses me most is that... 分析因果 Thanks to/Owing to/Because of... Consequently/Therefore/Thus/As a result... 討論后果 Just imagine what would be like if there were no... 3.結(jié)尾總結(jié)升華，重申觀點 在文中或文末，考生可以用不同的語言重申主題或提出解決問題的建議，從而使文章結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹、主題鮮明。常用的句式有： (1)To sum up/In short/In conclusion/On the whole/All in all... (2)Taking all the factors into account, we can draw a conclusion that... (3)From the discussion above, it can be safely concluded that... (4)Therefore, it is necessary for us to... (5)To be brief, we should be aware of the importance of... (6)Only when we/Only by..., can we... 【典例示范】 請閱讀下面短文，并按照要求用英語寫一篇150詞左右的文章。 (2016江蘇卷)In recent years，internet voting has bee increasing popular in China.People not only cast on-line votes themselves，but also urge others to vote for petitions like the “Most Beautiful Teacher” and the “Cutest Baby”. Li Jiang，a high school student，is invited to vote in the “Best Police Officer” petition，organized by the local government to let the public have a better understanding of police officers’ daily work.Li Jiang visits the website and reads all the stories.He is deeply moved by their glorious deeds.He is already thinking of being a policeman himself in the future. Su Hua is invited by his uncle to vote for his cousin in the “Future Singer” petition.He has already received three similar invitations this week.His uncle tells him that if his cousin wins the petition，the family will win an overseas tour for free.Su Hua likes his cousin very much，but he finds other singers perform even better.To vote，or not to vote? This is a question that troubles him very much. [寫作內(nèi)容] 1.用約30個單詞寫出上文概要； 2.用約120個單詞闡述你對網(wǎng)絡投票的看法，并用2～3個理由或論據(jù)支撐你的看法。 [寫作要求] 1.寫作過程中不能直接引用原文語句； 2.作文中不能出現(xiàn)真實姓名和學校名稱； 3.不必寫標題。 [評分標準] 內(nèi)容完整，語言規(guī)范，語篇連貫，詞數(shù)適當。 [參考范文] Online voting bees increasingly popular, and many petitions get people involved in it. It is beneficial to some people, while it puts others into a dilemma over whether to vote or not. In my opinion, online voting is an inseparable part of modern life and should be weled, since it is no more than a way to participate in public life. It makes no difference from ordinary voting events, in which candidates go around to seek supports. In addition, the Internet makes surveying and voting easy and convenient, regardless of time and space.Furthermore，voting on the Internet makes instant feedback possible. To be honest，voters sometimes feel annoyed，not because they hate voting，but because they are divided between emotion and fairness.Things will turn for the better if we can work out some participation rules for people to obey.Therefore，I hold a positive attitude towards online voting. 能力提升練1 請閱讀下面短文，并按照要求用英語寫一篇150詞左右的文章。 (2018江蘇鎮(zhèn)江高三調(diào)研)The 18-year-old girl from Linyi, Shandong province scored 568 points on her college entrance exam this year and was admitted to Nanjing University of Posts and Telemunications. On Aug 19, Xu received a phone call from an unknown person telling her that she was due to receive student funding. Following the call, Xu transferred a 9，900-yuan “activation fee” into the man’s bank account, hoping the money would appear in her student account, but it never did. After discovering they had been cheated, the family immediately reported the incident to the police, but Xu was said to be frustrated. On their way home, she suddenly fainted and despite doctors’ best efforts to rescue her, she passed away. The death of Xu yuyu immediately caused an outcry over the society, and once again, it fired a public anger towards those who mit heartless fraud(欺詐). So how was Xu’s private information leaked out? Reporters have discovered that there are many people who openly sell the examinee’s information online. The information includes the examinee’s name, school, phone number, and address. The personal information of examinee has bee the target of the online fraud industry. [寫作內(nèi)容] 1.用約30個單詞寫出上文概要； 2.用約120個詞就“Personal information leakage”談談你的看法和感受，內(nèi)容包括： (1)簡述個人信息泄露的危害及保護個人信息的重要性； (2)就如何保護個人信息提幾點建議(至少兩點)。 [寫作要求] 1.寫作過程中不能直接引用原文語句； 2.作文中不能出現(xiàn)真實姓名和學校名稱； 3.不必寫標題。 [評分標準] 內(nèi)容完整，語言規(guī)范，語篇連貫，詞數(shù)適當。 [參考范文] A girl from Shandong, who would soon begin her university life, was cheated out of 9，900 yuan due to personal information leakage. The heavy blow claimed her life, which aroused anger in society. The leakage of personal information is of great harm. Not only will people be frequently troubled by unwanted short messages or calls, but also people may be cheated out of money or be put in danger. Thus, the protection of personal information is of vital importance in order for mon people to maintain a peaceful and safe life, as well as to protect one’s own fortune. Here are the tips on how to protect one’s personal information. Never click any link on phones or puters unless it can be utterly trusted. Also, avoid connecting smart phones to any untrusted WiFi in public places. Apart from the efforts of mon people, the government must spare no effort to fight against criminals selling others’ personal information. 能力提升練2 請閱讀下面短文，并按照要求用英語寫一篇150詞左右的文章。 (2018江蘇海安高級中學期中考試) Florence Chadwick was born in California in 1918. She grew up on the beach and began peting as a swimmer at the age of six, when her uncle entered her in a race. For the next 19 years, she continued as a petitive swimmer. On July 4, 1952, at the age of 34, Chadwick attempted to bee the first woman to swim 21 miles across the Catalina Channel, from a port on the California coast. That day the ocean was ice cold, the fog was so thick that she could hardly see the support boats that followed her, and sharks swam around her. Several times, her support crew used guns to drive away the sharks. While Americans watched on televisions, her mother and her trainer, who were in one of the support boats, encouraged her to keep going. However, after 15 hours and 55 minutes, with only a half mile to go, she felt that she couldn’t go on, and begged to be taken out of the water. Later, Chadwick told a reporter, “Look, I’m not excusing myself, but if I had seen land I know, I could have made it.” The fog had made her unable to see her swimming goal, and it made her feel she was getting nowhere. Two months later, she tried again. Although the fog was still heavy, yet this time she made it with the goal rooted in her mind. She knew behind the fog was the land she pursued. [寫作內(nèi)容] 以約120個詞就“Goal and Success”的主題談談你的看法，內(nèi)容包括： (1)分析Chadwick第一次失敗和第二次成功的原因； (2)Chadwick的故事對你有什么啟發(fā)； (3)結(jié)合實際談談如何實現(xiàn)自己的目標。 [寫作要求] 1.寫作過程中不能直接引用原文語句； 2.作文中不能出現(xiàn)真實姓名和學校名稱； 3.不必寫標題。 [評分標準] 內(nèi)容完整，語言規(guī)范，語篇連貫，詞數(shù)適當。 [參考范文] Goal and Success An American woman swimmer Chadwick succeeded in crossing the Catalina Channel after failing in her first attempt. It was a goal in her mind that enabled her to make it. Chadwick failed in her first attempt because she couldn’t see the “l(fā)and (goal)” due to the “fog (difficulty)”. But later, she succeeded because she had “the goal rooted in her mind” despite the heavy “fog”. From the story, we know we should understand the relation between the goal and the difficulty.The goal can encourage us to work hard to achieve success while the difficulty may prevent us from reaching our goal. However, we can achieve our goal by overing any possible difficulties. As students, we may meet with many difficulties in our study, but we can surely overe them if we have a clear goal. I wish all of us could break through the “fog” to reach the beautiful “l(fā)and”.