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外文文獻(xiàn)
One. A foreword
Development of diesel engines has been a hundred years of history, to the production of human life brought extraordinary convenience, but also to the development of human society provided the impetus extraordinary. In the development process more than a century, the diesel technology has appeared three times a qualitative leap.
In industrialized countries, essentially all trucks use diesel engines. In recent years, with the diesel engine turbocharged, intercooled, direct injection, exhaust gas catalytic converters and particulate traps and other advanced technology, diesel emissions have reached the Euro Ⅲ, Ⅳ emission standard in Europe, and thus set off a car engine of climax, Volkswagen AG, General Motors, Toyota Motor Corporation and other large auto companies also used diesel cars.
In a growing shortage of oil resources, the development of diesel vehicles will be one focus of future automotive industry. According to the National Automobile Development Plan, "fifth" period, diesel cars accounted for the proportion of total output in 2000 from 29.7% to around 35%, in the car to achieve full of diesel. At present, China diesel cars, diesel mini-vehicle production has just started, Volkswagen has developed a Jetta, Bora diesel cars in the domestic part of the city market.
Diesel engine compression ratio, high thermal efficiency, its fuel consumption is 30% lower than gasoline to 40%, plus diesel and motor gasoline and low processing costs compared to 5%, with the world's universal attention to energy-saving cars , automotive diesel engine development is the trend of the global automobile industry.
In addition to lower fuel consumption than the gasoline engine, the diesel and gasoline engine also has the power compared to large, long life and good dynamic performance, it produces greenhouse emissions 45% lower than gasoline, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions are also low, but its Nitrogen oxide emissions slightly larger than the gasoline engine, large emissions of harmful particles.
Two. EM165 diesel engine uses:
????EM165 diesel land available, with pulleys, couplings, clutches as agricultural irrigation, generators, welding machines, air compressors, pumps, crushers and construction machinery, such as power; while marine, coupled with inverted car clutch. After the reduction gear box, power can be used as fishing vessels, inland waterways host and auxiliary vessels.
Three. EM165 diesel engine structural features:
1. the body: the cylinder block and crankcase cast as a whole, on both sides of the inspection hole, the wet cylinder liners, made of ductile iron, good wear resistance.
2. Crankshaft: The ductile iron, after normalizing to improve the mechanical properties, good wear resistance.
3. cylinder heads: each cylinder heads, intake and exhaust ports are placed on one side, the other side is equipped with injection machines, cylinder head made of cast iron.
4. 45 # steel rod with forging, the shaft is H, the bulk of the flat incision.
5. the piston is made of aluminum alloy. Equipped with three gas rings and two oil rings, the first ring of porous chrome, piston pin for high-quality steel carburizing, hardening the surface.
6.valve train, intake and exhaust valves for the heat-resistant steel, ductile iron camshaft.
7. lubrication system Pressure splashed oil pump gear pump for the grade.
8. the governor of the mechanical centrifugal whole program.
9. with a single fuel injection pump, fuel injector for the hole axis inclined.
Fourth. the current situation and development of diesel engines:
???? Early seventies, and for the first time by the introduction of emission regulations affecting the world oil crisis, diesel fuel and low HC, CO emission characteristics of attention once again, the industry began to research and development of a new generation of diesel engines, designed to improve engine power performance and reduce emissions and noise and vibration. This provides new opportunities for application in diesel cars. Simultaneous development of world science and technology development, especially in electronics, precision machining, and testing of new materials such as high-tech equipment for the realization of this opportunity to provide technical possibility. 20 years thereafter, new combustion engine, direct injection combustion system, turbocharged and intercooled, electronically controlled high pressure injection, EGR valve structure and four other new technologies have been developed to the extent practical, diesel exhaust after treatment technology and high-quality diesel The development is also made substantial progress.
Modern automotive diesel engine has excellent overall performance high thermal efficiency, high power, high torque and low fuel consumption, low emissions, low noise: liter power increased by more than 15%, direct injection diesel engine fuel consumption by 20% to 30% lower than gasoline , emissions meet Euro III ~ Euro IV standards, the overall greenhouse gas emissions 45% lower than gasoline, but also basically reached the level of noise and vibration gasoline. Thus significantly speeding up the process of commercial vehicle diesel fuel, diesel cars get widely used.
??? ?China joined the WTO, the World engines and parts production has shifted from the high-cost areas to low-cost regions. Therefore, at present in China has established a number of engine parts foreign, including: electronic control systems, pump nozzle, turbocharger, electrical appliances, pistons, piston rings, bearings, cylinder head castings and body filters and other products in the field . The use of foreign resources to make up for a lot less than the internal combustion engine technology and equipment parts industry, and promote the product upgrade key components, but also for the car to provide better conditions by improving the level of diesel technology. Prominent changes in technology development is centered around the theme of environmental protection and speed up the electronic controls, high-pressure injection, application and development of direct injection combustion chamber, turbocharged and intercooled, and other advanced technology, the Chinese automotive diesel engine on a new technological level level.
???? But compared with foreign car behind China in general 10 to 15 years with a diesel engine products, product variety is also "missing car less heavy", key components such as the fuel injection system is still seriously hampered the development of the whole product. Emission regulations in China is growing at about 5 to 8 in Europe later in the speed propulsion, from Europe to achieve the Euro II to III, IV across Europe still faces many difficulties. A large gap between the level of foreign reserves mainly due to lack of technology. Because of funding, management mechanism and means of scientific research and other reasons, the Chinese diesel engine industry leading international and master the key technology is not enough, not strong independent development capacity, more difficult to be innovative and breakthrough.
Fifth. the technology development of the diesel engine
????The 21st century is the era of science and technology and the era of highly developed productive forces, but also full of challenges and opportunities. The world auto industry continues to face global environmental pollution and scarcity of oil resources and other issues, the United States, Japan and European countries regard "to reduce vehicle pollution impact on the environment and energy conservation" as cutting-edge issues in the 21st century automotive technology, but also to solve the problem pathway has also been a consensus, which is the "three arrows shot" - such as the future development of fuel cell-powered, clean fuel engine development, and improve the development of diesel engines, gasoline engines. For automotive diesel engine, the key direction is to further reduce fuel consumption, NOX emissions and particulate emissions to meet future more stringent fuel consumption regulations and emissions regulations. Emphasis on future technology development will further optimize the combustion process, the development of more effective and practical rear exhaust treatment systems, and the introduction of new low sulfur fuel.
China should be the basis of the current research projects have been carried out on the combustion chamber of direct injection, four-valve, turbocharged and intercooled, more in-depth study of electronically controlled high pressure injection and EGR, etc., as soon as possible to grasp the extent practical. While a study to develop diesel exhaust after-treatment system. The oil industry should be developed with low-sulfur diesel. In terms of development approach, product development and technology development combined with industry, academia, research integration, self-development and international cooperation, the introduction of the combination.
中文譯文
一、前言
柴油機(jī)的發(fā)展已經(jīng)有一百多年的歷史，給人類的生產(chǎn)、生活帶來(lái)了非凡的便利，也給人類社會(huì)的發(fā)展提供了不同凡響的動(dòng)力。在一個(gè)多世紀(jì)的發(fā)展過(guò)程中，柴油機(jī)技術(shù)先后出現(xiàn)了三次質(zhì)的飛躍。
在工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，載貨汽車(chē)基本上全部使用柴油機(jī)。近年來(lái)，隨著柴油機(jī)采用渦輪增壓、中冷、直噴、尾氣催化轉(zhuǎn)換和顆粒捕集器等先進(jìn)技術(shù)，柴油機(jī)排放已達(dá)到歐Ⅲ、歐Ⅳ排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，因而也掀起了小轎車(chē)柴油機(jī)化的高潮，德國(guó)大眾汽車(chē)公司、美國(guó)通用汽車(chē)公司、日本豐田汽車(chē)公司等大型汽車(chē)公司的小轎車(chē)也采用了柴油機(jī)。
在石油資源越來(lái)越短缺的我國(guó)，發(fā)展柴油車(chē)將是未來(lái)汽車(chē)工業(yè)的重點(diǎn)之一。根據(jù)國(guó)家汽車(chē)發(fā)展規(guī)劃，“十五”期間，柴油車(chē)占汽車(chē)總產(chǎn)量的比重要從2000年的29.7%提高到35%左右，中型車(chē)要全部實(shí)現(xiàn)柴油化。目前我國(guó)柴油轎車(chē)、柴油微型車(chē)生產(chǎn)剛開(kāi)始起步，一汽大眾已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)出捷達(dá)、寶來(lái)柴油轎車(chē)，在國(guó)內(nèi)部分城市上市。
柴油機(jī)的壓縮比高，熱效率高，其燃料消耗量比汽油機(jī)低30%~40%，加上車(chē)用柴油與車(chē)用汽油相比加工成本又低5%，隨著世界各國(guó)對(duì)汽車(chē)節(jié)能的普遍重視，汽車(chē)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)向柴油機(jī)化發(fā)展已是全球汽車(chē)工業(yè)發(fā)展的大趨勢(shì)。
除燃料消耗量比汽油機(jī)低外，柴油機(jī)與汽油機(jī)相比還具有功率大、壽命長(zhǎng)、動(dòng)力性能好的特點(diǎn)，它排放產(chǎn)生的溫室效應(yīng)比汽油低45%，一氧化碳與碳?xì)渑欧乓驳?，但其氮氧化物排放略大于汽油機(jī)，有害顆粒排放大。
二、EM165型柴油機(jī)的用途：?
EM165柴油機(jī)陸用時(shí)，配以皮帶輪、聯(lián)軸器、離合器作為農(nóng)業(yè)排灌、發(fā)電機(jī)、電焊機(jī)、空壓機(jī)、水泵、碎石機(jī)及建筑機(jī)械等動(dòng)力；船用時(shí)，配上倒順車(chē)離合器。減速齒輪箱后，可用作漁輪船動(dòng)力，內(nèi)河航運(yùn)主機(jī)及輪船輔機(jī)。
三、EM165型柴油機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)：?
1、機(jī)體：汽缸體和曲軸箱鑄成整體，兩側(cè)有檢查孔，汽缸套為濕式，用球墨鑄鐵制成，耐磨性好。?
2、曲軸：用球墨鑄鐵制成，經(jīng)正火處理后，提高了機(jī)械性能，耐磨性好。?
3、汽缸蓋：每缸一蓋，進(jìn)排氣道都安置在一側(cè)，另一側(cè)裝有噴油機(jī)，缸蓋用鑄鐵制成。
? 4、連桿用45#鋼模鍛而成，桿身為工字型，大頭為平切口。?
5、活塞用鋁合金制成。裝有三道氣環(huán)和二道油環(huán)，第一環(huán)為多孔鍍鉻，活塞銷為優(yōu)質(zhì)鋼滲碳，表面淬火。?
6、配氣機(jī)構(gòu)，進(jìn)排氣門(mén)為耐熱鋼制成，凸輪軸用球墨鑄鐵。
7、潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)為壓力飛濺復(fù)合式，油泵為等級(jí)齒輪泵。
? 8、調(diào)速器為機(jī)械離心全程式。?
9、用單體式噴油泵，噴油器為單孔軸斜式。
四、柴油機(jī)的現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展：?
七十年代初，受世界石油危機(jī)和首次出臺(tái)廢氣排放法規(guī)的影響，柴油機(jī)省油和低HC、CO排放的特點(diǎn)再度受到關(guān)注，工業(yè)界開(kāi)始了新一代柴油機(jī)的研究開(kāi)發(fā)，旨在提高柴油機(jī)動(dòng)力性并減少?gòu)U氣排放和噪聲振動(dòng)。這為柴油機(jī)在轎車(chē)上的應(yīng)用提供了新的機(jī)遇。世界科學(xué)技術(shù)的同步發(fā)展，尤其是電子技術(shù)、精密加工、新材料和測(cè)試裝備等高新技術(shù)的發(fā)展為實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)機(jī)遇提供了技術(shù)可能。其后20多年，柴油機(jī)新燃燒方式、直噴燃燒系統(tǒng)、增壓中冷、電子控制高壓噴射、EGR和四氣門(mén)結(jié)構(gòu)等新技術(shù)均已發(fā)展到實(shí)用程度，對(duì)柴油機(jī)排氣后處理技術(shù)和優(yōu)質(zhì)柴油的開(kāi)發(fā)也取得實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)展。?
???? 現(xiàn)代車(chē)用柴油機(jī)已具有高熱效率、高功率、高扭矩和低油耗、低排放、低噪聲等優(yōu)良的綜合性能：升功率增長(zhǎng)超過(guò)15%，直噴式柴油機(jī)燃油耗比汽油機(jī)低20%~30%，廢氣排放達(dá)到歐III~歐IV標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，溫室效應(yīng)氣體排放總體上比汽油機(jī)低45%，噪聲振動(dòng)也基本上達(dá)到汽油機(jī)的水平。因而商用車(chē)柴油化進(jìn)程明顯加快，柴油轎車(chē)獲得推廣使用。
中國(guó)加入WTO，世界發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)及其零部件生產(chǎn)也由高成本地區(qū)向低成本地區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移。因此，目前在中國(guó)已建立了一批內(nèi)燃機(jī)零部件外資企業(yè)，包括：電控系統(tǒng)、油泵油嘴、增壓器、電機(jī)電器、活塞、活塞環(huán)、軸瓦、機(jī)體缸蓋鑄件和濾清器等產(chǎn)品領(lǐng)域。對(duì)國(guó)外資源的利用彌補(bǔ)了內(nèi)燃機(jī)零部件行業(yè)技術(shù)和裝備的諸多不足，促進(jìn)了關(guān)鍵零部件的產(chǎn)品升級(jí)，也為車(chē)用柴油機(jī)技術(shù)水平的提高提供了更好的條件。在技術(shù)發(fā)展方面的突出變化是圍繞環(huán)境保護(hù)的主旋律而加快了電子控制、高壓噴射、直噴燃燒室、增壓中冷等先進(jìn)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用和開(kāi)發(fā)，使中國(guó)車(chē)用柴油機(jī)的技術(shù)水平上了新的臺(tái)階。?
但中國(guó)車(chē)用柴油機(jī)產(chǎn)品水平與國(guó)外相比總體上落后10~15年，產(chǎn)品品種還“缺轎少重”，燃油噴射系統(tǒng)等關(guān)鍵零部件仍嚴(yán)重制約整機(jī)產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展。排放法規(guī)方面中國(guó)正以大約遲于歐洲5~8年的速度推進(jìn)，要實(shí)現(xiàn)從歐II到歐III、歐IV的跨越還面臨不少困難。與國(guó)外水平差距較大的主要原因在于技術(shù)儲(chǔ)備不足。由于經(jīng)費(fèi)投入、管理機(jī)制和科研手段等多種原因，中國(guó)柴油機(jī)界對(duì)國(guó)際柴油機(jī)的領(lǐng)先和關(guān)鍵技術(shù)掌握不夠、自主開(kāi)發(fā)能力不強(qiáng)、更難以有所創(chuàng)新和突破。
五、柴油機(jī)的技術(shù)發(fā)展方向?
21世紀(jì)是科學(xué)技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)力高度發(fā)展的時(shí)代，也是充滿挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇的時(shí)代。世界汽車(chē)工業(yè)繼續(xù)面臨全球環(huán)境污染和石油資源匱乏等問(wèn)題，美國(guó)、日本和歐洲各國(guó)都把“降低汽車(chē)污染對(duì)環(huán)境的沖擊和節(jié)約能源”列為21世紀(jì)汽車(chē)技術(shù)的前沿問(wèn)題，而且對(duì)解決問(wèn)題的途徑也有所共識(shí)、也就是“三箭齊發(fā)”－燃料電池等未來(lái)動(dòng)力的開(kāi)發(fā)，清潔燃料發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的開(kāi)發(fā)，以及柴油機(jī)、汽油機(jī)的改進(jìn)開(kāi)發(fā)。對(duì)車(chē)用柴油機(jī)而言，重點(diǎn)方向是進(jìn)一步降低油耗、NOX排放和顆粒物排放，以滿足未來(lái)更嚴(yán)格的燃油耗法規(guī)和排放法規(guī)。今后技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)將重于進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化燃燒過(guò)程、開(kāi)發(fā)更為有效和實(shí)用的排氣后處理系統(tǒng)以及采用新的低硫優(yōu)質(zhì)燃料。
???? 中國(guó)應(yīng)在目前已經(jīng)開(kāi)展的研究項(xiàng)目基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)直噴燃燒室、四氣門(mén)、增壓中冷、電控高壓噴射和EGR等進(jìn)行更深入的研究，早日掌握到實(shí)用程度。同時(shí)展開(kāi)柴油機(jī)排氣后處理系統(tǒng)的研究開(kāi)發(fā)。應(yīng)配合石油業(yè)界進(jìn)行低硫柴油的開(kāi)發(fā)。在開(kāi)發(fā)途徑方面，產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)與技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)相結(jié)合，產(chǎn)、學(xué)、研相結(jié)合，自行開(kāi)發(fā)與國(guó)際合作、引進(jìn)相結(jié)合。