0附 錄附錄 A 外文資料A. market situation analysis and research trendA. is half hanged tractor, dump truck, car, tank car, van, the special structure of hoisting lift car, store house bar car, and other special vehicles. From abroad, the development of the car industry, the development trend of auto specialty. In the 20th century 70, 80 time, the main functions of the developed countries of specialized automobile vehicles is 50% of the quantities, now has been increased to 80 %. China's current below 25 %. China has joined the WTO, developing automobile industry is facing a great challenge, special vehicle is an important part of automobile industry, affected is inevitable. With the development of economy and the construction of infrastructure, China will need a lot of special automobile, therefore the tenth-five period in China will be truly special development into “fast track“Special automobile market analysisIn recent years, China's special automobile industry. In 1990, the production of specialized automobile enterprises about 500, 2000, has 756 home auto production enterprise of total 884 85.5 per cent. In 1998, our special automobile production of 14.95 million vehicles, the total of the auto production, 1999 respectively 21.2% 17.41 million vehicles and achieve 17.28 million vehicles. In 2001, and special markets are almost the entire automotive market occupation deodorants.Currently our special automobile market has the following five basic features:(1)special-purpose automobile production and demand truly reflects many varieties, small batch. Special automobile refitting enterprise development and production has many varieties, seriation, pluralism characteristics in different periods, market, adjust the different needs of different products production scale. This feature in cars and ordinary greatly vehicles. Generally speaking, the box truck, traction semi-trailer, etc, in demand more than tipper, alone can reach up to 10 million, most special vehicle demand to hundreds of thousands of cars only cars, and some even several dozens or car.1(2)our special automobile recent price advantage, part of a product is competitive. Domestic main varieties, such as special automobile, refrigerator, semi-trailers concrete pump truck, car, transport and accessory part oilfield as lifting transporter through cooperation, technology or imported special device, approaching or partial reached international advanced level, price competition with the ability of foreign products. To demand greater products, such as heavy, medium dump truck, car, tank truck and van car etc, have a stable domestic market.(3)special-purpose automobile service fields, market prospect is anacreontic, different period of different, but can appear more hot hot exists. In 2001, for example, the country increased infrastructure investment, especially in infrastructure, increasing investment in the construction of the Midwest, plus such as “west-east gas transmission“ and “electricity“, “water“, the qinghai-tibet railway and highway construction of domestic several large project startup, heavy exclusive up year-on-year, the 84.5 %, Meanwhile, the development of the highway road cargo further specialization, intensive, various box truck, half hanged tractor and special carriers of the social demand had the very big enhancement, only half hanged tractor, year-on-year growth of about 90% by the car industry, become a black horse.(4)market calls stronger technical content, specificity of special products, but higher market supply capacity. Because China's most exclusive enterprise development ability weak, capital, technology appear quite a number of domestic enterprises do not have enough to eat, a. a. market and pretty much on imports to fill the position. A. as heavy, domestic production, and the market more than 70 species to 200 types, 500 cultivars, can satisfy the market companies within 30%. In addition, because many industries for special automobile technology, high performance requirements to achieve a domestic product requirements, such as airport special automobile, highway maintenance management, senior medical ambulance etc. Car, And as YunChaoChe domestic market capacity and products of domestic enterprises can rarely grade C bulletproof requirements.(5)special-purpose automobile production enterprises, the market management of the good and bad are intermingled. A. industry various mechanisms, organization form is diversified. There, the state-run private, There are limited liability company, joint stock limited company is, Also belong to different industries, mode of production and management by truck chassis refitting, market, easy to interference. Illegally assembled 2and selling product certification phenomenon in all, which seriously interfere with special automobile market. Special automobile manufacturing enterprise, mostly for small and medium-sized enterprise, the difference between. According to the modified enterprise 1999 annual 530 home, more than 1000 production enterprises only 47, accounting for 8.9%, Production of enterprises under 100 $229, accounting for 43.2 percent. There are 45 yield less than 10 bus. In recent years, the government to strengthen the management of specialized automobile market, increase the reorganization and crack, market environment is greatly improved, to gradually regularized.Although our special automobile industry development prospects and success, but compared with special automobile enterprises abroad, there are still great difference.(1) the labor productivity significantly lower. In 1999, special production enterprises, the output value per person for 0.98 million yuan, the profit for 11.13 0.015 yuan per person. And the three indexes, Japan in early 1990 to 12.5 million cars, and the period 37.5 million.(2) product technical level is relatively backward. Mainly displays in: (1) the utilization coefficient, low quality of same type, with more than 20 foreign heavy vehicle tonnage; % ~ 30 % 2 special function satisfaction than the same products abroad backward 5 ~ 10 years, 3 man-computer engineering application, adaptive performance is not strong, high technology USES less, 4 vehicle reliability, sealing and durability, and noise pollution emission.(3) product development ability is poor. Our special automobile varieties are mostly through a generic, and high technology products through introducing technology or product to make appropriate improvement “and“ localization, the lack of real independent innovation products development.The international competition ability (4) is weak. Our special cars with low coefficient of international competitiveness, import and export trade, and the import value difference of specialized automobile mainly from Europe and Japan and other developed countries, mainly exports southeast Asia and Africa is the object of the developing countries.2.In the tenth-five period special-purpose automobile development trendAlong with the national “tenth five-year plan“ period, the steady development of the national economy and the market economic system, and the improvement of electronic and information and automation technology in the automotive industry, the development of 3domestic special-purpose automobile will appear as follows:(1) “the special market demand growth, and the market will be more competitive, special production enterprises gradually to the polarization. According to the country “special“ tenth five-year plan “period“, “tenth-five period special-purpose automobile needs to 10% annual growth rate increases, in 2005, our various special automobile market demand for 34 million cars, trucks of production equipments, including the 35 million, 41.8 14.1 %, Tractor semi-trailer 4.8 million vehicles, 14%, Van car 85,000, 25% of the time, 3.3 million cars, car tank of 9.5%, 135 million cars lifting lifters, 4%, The special structure of 1.7 million cars, 5%, Store house bar 0.2 million cars, car type 0.7%. “Tenth-five“, is expected to end the special automobile ownership will reach 275.3 million vehicles. Facing such opportunities, coupled with the “wto“ brings more foreign products, special vehicle production enterprise competition intensifies, domestic car again production enterprise stronger who will appear the weak, the weak, the enterprise will be further, exclusive joint, merger, reorganization and leasing, private car will also become one of the enterprise reform mode.(2) the special demand more diversified and some special function, special products will ChongXingHua, special function to high technical content, the direction of development. Large-tonnage heavy vehicle transportation safety, high, low cost, and transportation units in some developed countries of the main highway transportation of container trailer is heavy, tank truck and various special semi-trailer, the special production and heavy mainly are the total quantities of 80 %. Our special cars by road conditions and production of special chassis, has been to limit, heavy mid-size car obviously low proportion. Along with our country economy and the traffic environment improvement, industry of specialized automobile especially heavy special-purpose automobile demand is bigger and bigger, heavy dump truck, bulk cement concrete mixer, car and truck, high compression garbage truck, sprayer, municipal transport, a. a. heavy oil will win customers. To the degree of specialization and special requirements are increasingly high technical content, born out of many new special type. By 2005, heavy, medium and small proportion is 1:6 by now, 3 evolved for 3:4:3 reasonable composition. By 1998 will breed varieties, 223 1372 cultivars, increased to 300 kinds of 2005, 3,000 varieties.(3) car production flexibility, automation, professional to produce and coordination network development, design and development of CAD technology of virtual technology is 4widely used to test technology, intelligent, systematic development direction. A. “many varieties, small batch, short cycle“ characteristics, product updates faster, market demand diversity, personalized towards the direction of development, the traditional pattern of all-round enterprise competitiveness, will lose all forms of cooperative development, production and marketing, fast response to market demands, flexible production, design, manufacturing and adopted by many enterprises. CAD technology for shortening exclusive product development cycle, improve product quality and reduce cost will play a positive role in promoting. At the same time, with special automobile production and technology development, and special automobile test coverage is more and more wide, from the traditional measuring instrument to various special test equipment, from a single test to the comprehensive test, from hardware to software are put forward higher request, and more complex, will promote the technique and method of special test. Combined with the application of computer software technology, special test technical trend intelligent and systematized.5附錄 B 外文資料中文翻譯專用車市場(chǎng)現(xiàn)狀分析及趨勢(shì)研究專用車是自卸車、半掛牽引車、廂式車、罐式車、起重舉升車、特種結(jié)構(gòu)車、倉柵車等專用載貨汽車的統(tǒng)稱。從國外汽車工業(yè)的發(fā)展來看,載貨汽車專用化的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)比較明顯。20世紀(jì)70、80年代,主要發(fā)達(dá)國家的專用汽車保有量占載貨汽車保有量的50%左右,如今已增至80 %。而我國目前低于25 %。我國已加入WTO ,汽車工業(yè)發(fā)展正面臨巨大的挑戰(zhàn),專用汽車是汽車工業(yè)的重要組成部分,受到影響是不可避免的。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的加快,我國將需要大量的專用汽車,因此“十五”期間我國專用車發(fā)展將真正駛?cè)搿翱燔嚨馈薄＝陙?我國專用汽車行業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展。1990年全國生產(chǎn)專用汽車的企業(yè)約500多家, 2000年已達(dá)756家,占汽車生產(chǎn)企業(yè)總數(shù)884家的85.5%。1998年我國專用汽車產(chǎn)量達(dá)14.95萬輛,占當(dāng)年全國載貨汽車總產(chǎn)量的21.2% ,1999年產(chǎn)銷分別達(dá)到17.41萬輛和17.28萬輛。2001年專用車市場(chǎng)穩(wěn)中有升,其產(chǎn)銷幾乎占領(lǐng)整個(gè)載貨汽車市場(chǎng)的半壁江山。目前我國專用汽車市場(chǎng)具有如下五個(gè)基本特征:(1)專用汽車的生產(chǎn)和需求真正體現(xiàn)了多品種、小批量。專用汽車改裝企業(yè)的開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)具有多品種、系列化、多元化的特點(diǎn),企業(yè)針對(duì)市場(chǎng)不同時(shí)期的不同需求,調(diào)整不同系列產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量比例。這一特征大大區(qū)別于轎車和普通載貨汽車。一般而言,廂式運(yùn)輸車、牽引半掛車等年需求量較大,達(dá)萬輛以上,自卸車可達(dá)10萬輛左右,大多數(shù)專用汽車的需求量僅數(shù)百輛至數(shù)千輛,有的甚至幾輛或幾十輛。(2)我國專用汽車近期略有價(jià)格優(yōu)勢(shì),部分產(chǎn)品尚具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。國內(nèi)專用汽車主要品種,例如半掛車、冷藏車、混凝土泵車、高空作業(yè)車、部分油田用車和隨車起重運(yùn)輸車等通過合資合作、引進(jìn)技術(shù)或引進(jìn)專用裝置,已接近或部分達(dá)到國外先進(jìn)水平,價(jià)格上具有與國外產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的能力。對(duì)需求量較大的產(chǎn)品,如重、中型自卸車、廂式車、罐式運(yùn)輸車和作業(yè)車等,有較穩(wěn)定的國內(nèi)市場(chǎng)。(3)專用汽車服務(wù)領(lǐng)域廣闊,市場(chǎng)前景明朗,不同時(shí)期有著不同的熱點(diǎn),而且可以出現(xiàn)多個(gè)熱點(diǎn)并存的局面。以2001年為例,由于國家加大了基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)的投入,特別是加大了對(duì)中西部基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的投資,加上諸如“西氣東輸”、“西電東送”、“南水北調(diào)”、青藏鐵路及國內(nèi)幾條高速公路建設(shè)等大型項(xiàng)目的啟動(dòng),重型專用車火爆起來,同比增長了84.5 %；與此同時(shí),高速公路的發(fā)展使公路貨運(yùn)進(jìn)一步專業(yè)化、集約6化, 各類廂式運(yùn)輸車、半掛牽引車和專用運(yùn)輸車的社會(huì)需求量有了很大提高,僅半掛牽引車,同比增長達(dá)90%左右,成為專用車行業(yè)的一匹黑馬。(4)市場(chǎng)呼喚專用性更強(qiáng)、技術(shù)含量更高的專用車產(chǎn)品,但市場(chǎng)供給能力不足。由于我國大部分專用車企業(yè)開發(fā)能力較弱,資金技術(shù)不足,因而出現(xiàn)了國內(nèi)相當(dāng)數(shù)量的專用車企業(yè)吃不飽,又有相當(dāng)多專用車市場(chǎng)靠進(jìn)口來填補(bǔ)的局面。如重型專用車,國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)70余種, 而市場(chǎng)需要200個(gè)種類、500個(gè)品種,國產(chǎn)車只能滿足市場(chǎng)的30%。此外,由于許多行業(yè)對(duì)專用汽車技術(shù)性能要求很高,國內(nèi)產(chǎn)品一時(shí)很難達(dá)到要求,如機(jī)場(chǎng)專用汽車、高速公路維護(hù)管理專用車、高級(jí)醫(yī)療急救車等；又如運(yùn)鈔車國內(nèi)市場(chǎng)容量很大,而國內(nèi)企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品很少能達(dá)到C級(jí)防彈要求。(5)專用汽車生產(chǎn)企業(yè)良莠不齊,市場(chǎng)管理難度較大。專用車行業(yè)多種機(jī)制并存, 組織形式是多樣化的。有國營的,民營的；有有限責(zé)任公司, 也有股份有限公司；又分屬不同行業(yè)管理,生產(chǎn)方式又以載貨車底盤改裝為主,市場(chǎng)不規(guī)范,容易受到干擾。非法拼裝和買賣產(chǎn)品合格證的現(xiàn)象在各地時(shí)有發(fā)生,嚴(yán)重干擾了專用汽車市場(chǎng)。專用汽車生產(chǎn)企業(yè)多,大多為中小企業(yè),企業(yè)間的差異較大。根據(jù)對(duì)530家改裝企業(yè)1999年產(chǎn)量的統(tǒng)計(jì),產(chǎn)量1000 輛以上的企業(yè)只有47家, 占8.9%; 產(chǎn)量100輛以下的企業(yè)卻高達(dá)229家,占43.2%。其中有45家產(chǎn)量不足10輛。近年來, 政府加強(qiáng)了對(duì)專用汽車市場(chǎng)管理,加大整頓和打擊力度,市場(chǎng)環(huán)境大有好轉(zhuǎn),逐步向正規(guī)化邁進(jìn)。盡管我國專用汽車行業(yè)的發(fā)展成績斐然,前景廣闊,但是與國外專用汽車企業(yè)相比,仍然存在較大的差異。(1)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率明顯較低。1999年我國專用車企業(yè)人均產(chǎn)量為0.98輛,人均產(chǎn)值為11.13萬元,人均利潤為0.015萬元。而上述三項(xiàng)指標(biāo),日本早在1990年就分別達(dá)到12.5輛、37.5萬元和4.85萬元。(2)產(chǎn)品技術(shù)水平相對(duì)落后。主要表現(xiàn)在: ①質(zhì)量利用系數(shù)低,同類型、同噸位車比國外重20 %～30 %； ②專用功能滿足度比國外同類產(chǎn)品落后5～10 年； ③人機(jī)工程應(yīng)用不充分, 適應(yīng)性能不強(qiáng),高技術(shù)采用較少；④車輛的可靠性、密封性和耐久性較差,排放和噪聲污染較為嚴(yán)重。(3)產(chǎn)品開發(fā)能力差。我國專用汽車品種大多是通過仿制而來,少數(shù)高技術(shù)產(chǎn)品則是通過引進(jìn)技術(shù)或參照國外產(chǎn)品做適度“國產(chǎn)化改進(jìn)”而成,缺乏真正獨(dú)立開發(fā)的創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品。(4)國際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力較弱。我國專用汽車的國際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力系數(shù)較低,進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易價(jià)值差異較大, 且進(jìn)口專用汽車主要來自歐美和日本等發(fā)達(dá)國家,出口對(duì)象主要是東南亞和非洲的發(fā)展中國家。7隨著國家“十五”規(guī)劃的逐步展開,國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的穩(wěn)步發(fā)展和市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的日趨完善, 以及電子、信息和自動(dòng)化技術(shù)在汽車工業(yè)的廣泛應(yīng)用,國內(nèi)專用汽車的發(fā)展將呈現(xiàn)如下趨勢(shì):(1)“十五”期間我國專用車市場(chǎng)需求將快速增長, 而市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)更加激烈,專用車生產(chǎn)企業(yè)逐步向兩極分化。根據(jù)國家《專用汽車“十五”規(guī)劃》，“十五”期間專用汽車需求以10%左右的年增長率遞增,到2005年,我國各類專用汽車的市場(chǎng)需求總量為34萬輛,占當(dāng)年載貨車產(chǎn)量的35% ,其中自卸車14.1萬輛,占41.8 %;牽引半掛車4.8萬輛,占14%;廂式車8.5萬輛,占25%;罐式車3.3萬輛, 占9.5%; 起重舉升車1.35萬輛, 占4%;特種結(jié)構(gòu)車1.7萬輛,占5%;倉柵式車0.2萬輛,占0.7%。預(yù)計(jì)“十五”末期,全國專用汽車擁有量將達(dá)275.3萬輛。面對(duì)如此商機(jī),加之“入世”帶來的更多國外產(chǎn)品的沖擊,專用汽車生產(chǎn)企業(yè)間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)再度加劇,國內(nèi)專用車生產(chǎn)企業(yè)將出現(xiàn)強(qiáng)者更強(qiáng)、弱者愈弱、弱肉強(qiáng)食的局面,專用車企業(yè)將進(jìn)一步聯(lián)合、兼并、重組,而且租賃、民營也會(huì)成為專用車企業(yè)改革的模式之一。(2)專用車的需求更加多元化， 一些具有特殊功能的專用車應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,產(chǎn)品將向重型化、專用功能強(qiáng)、技術(shù)含量高的方向發(fā)展。大噸位重型車運(yùn)輸高速、安全,單位運(yùn)輸成本低,歐美一些發(fā)達(dá)國家的高速公路的主要運(yùn)輸工具是以重型集裝箱半掛車、罐式運(yùn)輸車以及各種專用半掛車為主, 重型專用車生產(chǎn)量和保有量均占其總量的80 %左右。我國專用汽車受公路條件和專用車底盤生產(chǎn)的限制, 一直以中型車為主,重型專用車的比例明顯偏低。隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)和交通環(huán)境的改善,行業(yè)對(duì)專用汽車尤其是重型專用汽車的需求越來越大,重型自卸車、散裝水泥車、混凝土攪拌車、高空消防車、壓縮式垃圾車、灑水車、市政用車、油田專用車等重型專用車將更加贏得用戶的青睞。同時(shí)對(duì)專用車的專業(yè)化程度和技術(shù)含量要求也越來越高,誕生出許多新的專用車種類。到2005年,重、中、輕型車的比例可望由目前的1∶6∶3 逐步演變?yōu)?∶4∶3的合理構(gòu)成比。品種將由1998年的223個(gè)種類,1372個(gè)品種,增加到2005年的300個(gè)種類,3000個(gè)品種。(3) 專用車生產(chǎn)向柔性化、自動(dòng)化、專業(yè)化以及生產(chǎn)協(xié)作配套網(wǎng)絡(luò)化發(fā)展, 設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)向CAD發(fā)展, 虛擬技術(shù)得到廣泛應(yīng)用,測(cè)試技術(shù)向智能化、系統(tǒng)化方向發(fā)展。專用車具有“多品種、小批量、短周期”的特點(diǎn), 產(chǎn)品的更新速度越來越快, 市場(chǎng)需求朝著多元化、個(gè)性化方向發(fā)展,傳統(tǒng)的小而全的企業(yè)模式將喪失競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,各種形式的合作開發(fā)、生產(chǎn)和營銷方式應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,快速響應(yīng)市場(chǎng)需求,柔性生產(chǎn)、異地設(shè)計(jì)、異地加工越來越被眾多企業(yè)所采用。CAD技術(shù)對(duì)縮短專用車產(chǎn)品開發(fā)周期、提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和降低成本將起到積極的推動(dòng)作用。同時(shí),隨著專用汽車生產(chǎn)和制掃造技術(shù)的發(fā)8展,專用汽車測(cè)試覆蓋范圍也越來越寬,從傳統(tǒng)的計(jì)量儀器到各種專用測(cè)試設(shè)備,從單一測(cè)試到綜合測(cè)試,從硬件到軟件都提出了更高、更復(fù)雜的要求,將促進(jìn)專用車測(cè)試技術(shù)和手段的發(fā)展變化。結(jié)合計(jì)算機(jī)軟件技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,專用車測(cè)試技術(shù)趨向智能化、系統(tǒng)化。