理工科類本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開(kāi)題報(bào)告論文(設(shè)計(jì))題目 某型號(hào)汽車起重機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)作者所在系別作者所在專業(yè)作者所在班級(jí)作 者 姓 名作 者 學(xué) 號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師姓名指導(dǎo)教師職稱完 成 時(shí) 間 2017 年 4 月說(shuō) 明1．根據(jù)學(xué)校《畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作暫行規(guī)定》，學(xué)生必須撰寫(xiě)《畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開(kāi)題報(bào)告》。開(kāi)題報(bào)告作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）答辯委員會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一。2．開(kāi)題報(bào)告應(yīng)在指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)下，由學(xué)生在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）工作前期內(nèi)完成，經(jīng)指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見(jiàn)及所在專業(yè)教研室論證審查后生效。開(kāi)題報(bào)告不合格者需重做。3．畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容要實(shí)事求是，逐條認(rèn)真填寫(xiě)。其中的文字表達(dá)要明確、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語(yǔ)言通順，外來(lái)語(yǔ)要同時(shí)用原文和中文表達(dá)。第一次出現(xiàn)縮寫(xiě)詞，須注出全稱。4．開(kāi)題報(bào)告中除最后一頁(yè)外均由學(xué)生填寫(xiě)，填寫(xiě)各欄目時(shí)可根據(jù)內(nèi)容另加附頁(yè)。5．閱讀的主要參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)在 10 篇以上（土建類專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)篇數(shù)可酌減），其中外文資料應(yīng)占一定比例。本學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)和專業(yè)課教材一般不應(yīng)列為參考資料。6．參考文獻(xiàn)的書(shū)寫(xiě)應(yīng)遵循畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）撰寫(xiě)規(guī)范要求。7．開(kāi)題報(bào)告應(yīng)與文獻(xiàn)綜述、一篇外文譯文和外文原文復(fù)印件同時(shí)提交，文獻(xiàn)綜述的撰寫(xiě)格式按畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）撰寫(xiě)規(guī)范的要求，字?jǐn)?shù)在 2000 字左右。第 1 頁(yè) 共 4 頁(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開(kāi)題報(bào)告學(xué)生姓名 專 業(yè) 車輛工程 班 級(jí)指導(dǎo)教師姓名職 稱 教授 工作單位課題來(lái)源 教師自擬課題 課題性質(zhì)課題名稱 汽車起重機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)本設(shè)計(jì)的目的、意義和汽車起重機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的研究現(xiàn)狀選題目的和意義：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是教學(xué)計(jì)劃中最后一個(gè)綜合性實(shí)踐教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)，是我們?cè)诮處煹闹笇?dǎo)下，獨(dú)立從事車輛設(shè)計(jì)工作的初步嘗試，可以培養(yǎng)我們綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)理論、專業(yè)知識(shí)、基本技能研究和處理問(wèn)題的能力。是對(duì)四年所學(xué)知識(shí)和技能進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)化、綜合化運(yùn)用、總結(jié)和深化的過(guò)程。通過(guò)考察、立題、收集素材、設(shè)計(jì)方案、工藝制作等過(guò)程，檢查我們的思維能力、動(dòng)手能力和掌握技藝的深度，并通過(guò)畢業(yè)答辯、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)習(xí)工作，來(lái)考核教學(xué)水平，對(duì)深化教學(xué)改革也有重要意義。研究現(xiàn)狀：1.研究現(xiàn)狀汽車式起重機(jī)是把起重機(jī)安裝安置在載重汽車底盤(pán)上的一種工程機(jī)械。最近幾年來(lái)由于汽車載重功能和性能的水平不斷提高，各種各樣的特定的汽車底盤(pán)的應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，導(dǎo)致大噸位的汽車式起重機(jī)不斷的被生產(chǎn)出來(lái)。特別在近幾年，中國(guó)汽車起重機(jī)有了迅速的發(fā)展。汽車起重機(jī)是以汽車底盤(pán)為基礎(chǔ)的自行式設(shè)備，具有較高的行駛速度，可以與裝運(yùn)工具的汽車編隊(duì)行駛，機(jī)動(dòng)性能好；廣泛用于建筑、貨站及野外吊裝作業(yè)等，可在沖擊、振動(dòng)、溫度變化大的環(huán)境較差的條件下工作。因此，液壓傳動(dòng)在現(xiàn)代機(jī)械工程領(lǐng)域得到廣泛的應(yīng)用。2.發(fā)展趨勢(shì)目液壓系統(tǒng)在以下幾方面體現(xiàn)出明顯的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)：(1)、采用國(guó)際化配套，對(duì)系統(tǒng)性要求較高的液壓元件如泵、閥、馬達(dá)等采用國(guó)際化配套可提高產(chǎn)品的可靠性，另外，國(guó)外使用成熟、量大價(jià)廉的元件在國(guó)內(nèi)也廣泛使用。(2)、采用卡套式接頭，由于卡套式接頭在控制系統(tǒng)污染、防泄露等方面具有很強(qiáng)的優(yōu)越性，使用卡套式接頭能大大減少故障率和早期反饋率。(3)、在系統(tǒng)中設(shè)計(jì)速度分檔，由于不同施工項(xiàng)目的不同要求，對(duì)起重機(jī)各動(dòng)作速度的要求也不一樣，速度分檔技術(shù)也應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，設(shè)計(jì)不同的速度檔位，以適用不同工況的要求。第 2 頁(yè) 共 4 頁(yè)設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容和預(yù)期成果設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容：本課題設(shè)計(jì)的是汽車起重機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。主要內(nèi)容是編制液壓系統(tǒng)的方案，設(shè)計(jì)步驟是： l)明確設(shè)計(jì)要求，進(jìn)行工況分析2)初定液壓系統(tǒng)的主要參數(shù)3)擬定液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖4)計(jì)算和選擇液壓元件5)估算液壓系統(tǒng)性能6)繪制零件圖預(yù)期成果：1.設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)： 根據(jù)產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)要求，完整地設(shè)計(jì)出裝配圖一套、零件圖若干。2.設(shè)計(jì)要求：系統(tǒng)地說(shuō)明設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中問(wèn)題的解決（確定傳動(dòng)和結(jié)構(gòu)方案及零件材料的選擇）及全部計(jì)算。計(jì)算內(nèi)容應(yīng)包括有關(guān)計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)圖，如主要參數(shù)的選擇及設(shè)計(jì)與校核、傳動(dòng)方案簡(jiǎn)圖、相關(guān)零件的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)圖、零件的受力分析圖、彎矩和扭矩圖等。3.計(jì)算過(guò)程完整有序，計(jì)算結(jié)果正確清晰，文字說(shuō)明簡(jiǎn)明通順。計(jì)算過(guò)程只需列出已知條件、計(jì)算公式，將有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)代入公式，省略計(jì)算過(guò)程，直接寫(xiě)出計(jì)算結(jié)果。將計(jì)算結(jié)果整理后，寫(xiě)入右邊欄內(nèi)，并注明此結(jié)果是否“合用”或“安全”等結(jié)論。4.任務(wù)完成驗(yàn)收時(shí)提供材料：設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)一份，工作原理圖、裝配圖、零件圖若干。第 3 頁(yè) 共 4 頁(yè)擬采取設(shè)計(jì)方法和技術(shù)支持設(shè)計(jì)方案：液壓傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)主要有兩個(gè)部件：動(dòng)力元件和執(zhí)行元件。制定設(shè)計(jì)步驟：1)確定液壓執(zhí)行元件的形式。2)進(jìn)行工況分析，確定系統(tǒng)的主要參數(shù)。3)制定基本方案，擬定液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖;。4)選擇液壓元件。5)液壓系統(tǒng)的性能驗(yàn)算。6)繪制工作圖，編制技術(shù)文件。技術(shù)支持：1）自動(dòng)壓刷機(jī)的說(shuō)明書(shū)，工作原理。2）對(duì)液壓系統(tǒng)相關(guān)知識(shí)。實(shí)現(xiàn)本項(xiàng)目已具備的條件1.可以從圖書(shū)館借閱相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)資料。2.了解各項(xiàng)工藝的技術(shù)要求。3.了解液壓系統(tǒng)工作原理。4.了解液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的相關(guān)知識(shí)。各環(huán)節(jié)擬定階段性工作進(jìn)度(以周為單位)1-4 周 完成開(kāi)題報(bào)告5-6 周 查閱資料，確定設(shè)計(jì)方案7-8 周 計(jì)算所需參數(shù)9-10 周 畫(huà)出液壓原理圖11-12 周 畫(huà)出各個(gè)零件圖和裝配圖13-14 周 細(xì)節(jié)工作，準(zhǔn)備答辯第 4 頁(yè) 共 4 頁(yè)開(kāi) 題 報(bào) 告 審 定 紀(jì) 要時(shí) 間 地點(diǎn) 主持人姓 名 職 務(wù)（職 稱） 姓 名 職 務(wù)（職 稱）參會(huì)教師論證情況摘要 記錄人：指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn) 指導(dǎo)教師簽名： 年 月 日教研室意見(jiàn) 教研室主任簽名： 年 月 日第 5 頁(yè) 共 4 頁(yè)本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)文獻(xiàn)綜述設(shè)計(jì) (論文)題目 某型號(hào)汽車起重機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)作者所在系別作者所在專業(yè)作者所在班級(jí)作 者 姓 名作 者 學(xué) 號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師姓名指導(dǎo)教師職稱 教授完 成 時(shí) 間 2017 年 4 月第 1 頁(yè)說(shuō) 明1．根據(jù)學(xué)?！懂厴I(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作暫行規(guī)定》，學(xué)生必須撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)文獻(xiàn)綜述。文獻(xiàn)綜述作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)答辯委員會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一。2．文獻(xiàn)綜述應(yīng)在指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)下，由學(xué)生在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作前期內(nèi)完成，由指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見(jiàn)并經(jīng)所在專業(yè)教研室審查。3．文獻(xiàn)綜述各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容要實(shí)事求是，文字表達(dá)要明確、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語(yǔ)言通順，外來(lái)語(yǔ)要同時(shí)用原文和中文表達(dá)。第一次出現(xiàn)縮寫(xiě)詞，須注出全稱。4．學(xué)生撰寫(xiě)文獻(xiàn)綜述，閱讀的主要參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)在 10 篇以上（土建類專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)篇數(shù)可酌減），其中外文資料應(yīng)占一定比例。本學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)和專業(yè)課教材一般不應(yīng)列為參考資料。5．文獻(xiàn)綜述的撰寫(xiě)格式按畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)撰寫(xiě)規(guī)范的要求，字?jǐn)?shù)在 2000 字左右。文獻(xiàn)綜述應(yīng)與開(kāi)題報(bào)告同時(shí)提交。第 2 頁(yè)基于汽車起重機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的文獻(xiàn)綜述摘要：隨著國(guó)家現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的飛速發(fā)展，科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步，現(xiàn)代施工項(xiàng)日對(duì)汽車起重機(jī)的要求也越來(lái)越高。高、深、尖液壓技術(shù)在汽車起重機(jī)上的應(yīng)用也越來(lái)越廣泛，汽車起重機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)展示了強(qiáng)大的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。近年來(lái)隨著建筑工程規(guī)模的不斷擴(kuò)大，起重安裝工程量越來(lái)越大，尤其是現(xiàn)代化大型石油，化工，冶煉，電站以及高層建筑的安裝作業(yè)逐年增多，尤其是汽車起重機(jī)集多功能，方便快捷，反應(yīng)迅速，操作簡(jiǎn)單安全于一身。因此，對(duì)汽車起重機(jī)，特別是大功率的汽車起重機(jī)的需要量日益增加。隨著現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，各種新材料，新技術(shù)，新結(jié)構(gòu)，新工藝在汽車起重機(jī)上得到廣泛應(yīng)用。所有這些因素都有力促進(jìn)了汽車起重機(jī)的發(fā)展。關(guān)鍵字：汽車起重機(jī)；液壓系統(tǒng)；發(fā)展Abstract: With the rapid development of the country's modernization, advancement of science and technology, modern construction crane requirements have become more sophisticated. High, deep, sharp hydraulic technology is used more and more on a wide range of truck cranes, truck crane hydraulic system showed a strong trend. In recent years, with the expansion of scale of construction, lift installation project, more and more, especially in modern large-scale oil, chemicals, metallurgy, power station and the installation of high-rise buildings is increasing, especially crane set function, convenient, quick, simple and safe operation at the same time. Therefore, the crane, especially high power crane needs increasing. With the development of modern science and technology, new materials, new technologies, new structures, new technology is widely used in truck crane. All of these factors contribute to the development of truck cranes.Key words: truck crane;hydraulic systems; grow第 3 頁(yè)一、汽車起重機(jī)的發(fā)展歷史汽車起重機(jī)最初是以誕生于 1869 年的蒸汽軌道式起重機(jī)發(fā)展而來(lái)的，經(jīng)歷了軌道式、實(shí)心輪胎式、充氣輪胎式的發(fā)展變化過(guò)程。由于輪式起重機(jī)具有機(jī)動(dòng)靈活、操作方便、效率高等特點(diǎn)，在二戰(zhàn)后修復(fù)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)創(chuàng)傷和經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。早期的輪式起重機(jī)大多采用機(jī)械傳動(dòng)的桁架式臂架。隨著 60年代中期液壓技術(shù)的發(fā)展，液壓伸縮臂輪式起重機(jī)得到迅速發(fā)展。到 80 年代末，中小噸位的輪式起重機(jī)己多數(shù)采用液壓伸縮式臂架，僅有一部分大噸位汽車起重機(jī)仍采用桁架式臂架。20 世紀(jì) 60 年代末期，隨著大型建筑、石油化工、水電站等大型工程的發(fā)展，對(duì)輪式起重機(jī)的性能、工作效率和安全性提出了更高的要求。由于當(dāng)時(shí)液壓技術(shù)、電子技術(shù)、汽車工業(yè)的發(fā)展及新型高強(qiáng)度鋼材的不斷出現(xiàn)，使輪式起重機(jī)開(kāi)始向大型化發(fā)展，并且在普通輪胎式起重機(jī)的基礎(chǔ)上開(kāi)發(fā)出越野輪胎起重機(jī)，隨后又開(kāi)發(fā)出全路面起重機(jī)。全路面起重機(jī)綜合了汽車起重機(jī)高速行駛和越野輪胎起重機(jī)吊重行走及高通過(guò)性的特點(diǎn)，在近 20多年得到很大發(fā)展。二、汽車起重機(jī)的優(yōu)勢(shì)（1）行駛速度高，機(jī)動(dòng)靈活性好，轉(zhuǎn)移迅速。（2）采用專用或通用底盤(pán)，適宜于公路行駛。（3）作業(yè)性能高，結(jié)構(gòu)較簡(jiǎn)單，價(jià)格便。（4）作業(yè)輔助時(shí)間少，作業(yè)高度和幅度可隨時(shí)變換。3、汽車起重機(jī)液壓傳動(dòng)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)：目前，不論是國(guó)內(nèi)還是國(guó)外，液壓傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)都是趨向于兩個(gè)大方面：節(jié)能，機(jī)電一體化1.減少能耗,充分利用能量液壓技術(shù)在將機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換成壓力能及反轉(zhuǎn)換方面，已取得很大進(jìn)展，但一直存在能量第 4 頁(yè)損耗，主要反映在系統(tǒng)的容積損失和機(jī)械損失上。如果全部壓力能都能得到充分利用，則將使能量轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程的效率得到顯著提高。為減少壓力能的損失，必須解決下面幾個(gè)問(wèn)題： ①減少元件和系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)部壓力損失，以減少功率損失。主要表現(xiàn)在改進(jìn)元件內(nèi)部流道的壓力損失,采用集成化回路和鑄造流道,可減少管道損失,同時(shí)還可減少漏油損失。 ②減少或消除系統(tǒng)的節(jié)流損失，盡量減少非安全需要的溢流量，避免采用節(jié)流系統(tǒng)來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)流量和壓力。 ③采用靜壓技術(shù)，新型密封材料，減少磨擦損失。 ④發(fā)展小型化、輕量化、復(fù)合化、廣泛發(fā)展 3 通徑、4 通徑電磁閥以及低功率電磁閥。 ⑤改善液壓系統(tǒng)性能，采用負(fù)荷傳感系統(tǒng)，二次調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)和采用蓄能器回路。 ⑥為及時(shí)維護(hù)液壓系統(tǒng)，防止污染對(duì)系統(tǒng)壽命和可靠性造成影響，必須發(fā)展新的污染檢測(cè)方法，對(duì)污染進(jìn)行在線測(cè)量，要及時(shí)調(diào)整，不允許滯后，以免由于處理不及時(shí)而造成損失2.機(jī)電一體化電子技術(shù)和液壓傳動(dòng)技術(shù)相結(jié)合，使傳統(tǒng)的液壓傳協(xié)與控制技術(shù)增加了活力，擴(kuò)大了應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)電一體化可以提高工作可靠性，實(shí)現(xiàn)液壓系統(tǒng)柔性化、智能化，改變液壓系統(tǒng)效率低，漏油、維修性差等缺點(diǎn)，充分發(fā)揮液壓傳動(dòng)出力大、貫性小、響應(yīng)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn),其主要發(fā)展動(dòng)向如下：(1)電液伺服比例技術(shù)的應(yīng)用將不斷擴(kuò)大。液壓系統(tǒng)將由過(guò)去的電氣液壓 on-oe 系統(tǒng)和開(kāi)環(huán)比例控制系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)向閉環(huán)比例伺服系統(tǒng),為適應(yīng)上述發(fā)展,壓力、流量、位置、溫度、速度、加速度等傳感器應(yīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。計(jì)算機(jī)接口也應(yīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一和兼容。(2)發(fā)展和計(jì)算機(jī)直接接口的功耗為 5ma 以下電磁閥，以及用于脈寬調(diào)制系統(tǒng)的高頻電磁閥(小于 3ms)等。(3)液壓系統(tǒng)的流量、壓力、溫度、油的污染等數(shù)值將實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)測(cè)量和診斷,由于計(jì)算機(jī)的價(jià)格降低,監(jiān)控系統(tǒng),包括集中監(jiān)控和自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)將得到發(fā)展。(4)計(jì)算機(jī)仿真標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，特別對(duì)高精度、“高級(jí)”系統(tǒng)更有此要求。(5)由電子直接控制元件將得到廣泛采用，如電子直接控制液壓泵，采用通用化控制機(jī)構(gòu)也是今后需要探討的問(wèn)題，液壓產(chǎn)品機(jī)電一體化現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展。四、結(jié)束語(yǔ)隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展液壓傳動(dòng)的弊端逐漸被克服，優(yōu)勢(shì)日益明顯，液壓傳動(dòng)的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域會(huì)越來(lái)越廣，對(duì)液壓傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)制造要求也越來(lái)越高。第 5 頁(yè)五、參考文獻(xiàn)[1] 徐灝．機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè) 5[M] ．北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社， 1992：3-746[2] 張質(zhì)文，虞和謙，王金諾，包起帆．起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M] ．北京：中國(guó)鐵道出版，19971-1116[3] 張利平．液壓氣動(dòng)技術(shù)速查手冊(cè)[M] ．北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社， 2007：1-644[4] 唐銀啟．工程機(jī)械液壓與液力技術(shù)．北京市：人民交通出版社 4， 2003[5] 編寫(xiě)組．起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)．［M］．北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社． 1980：1-1118[6] 陳作模、葛文杰．機(jī)械原理．［M］．北京：高等教育出版社， 2005[7] 張利平．液壓傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)及設(shè)計(jì)[M] ．北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社， 2005：1-402[8] 張質(zhì)文等主編. 起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè). 中國(guó)鐵道出版社， 1998 [9] 蔡文彥．液壓傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng). 上海:上海交通大學(xué)出版社，1996[10] 雷天覺(jué)．液壓工程手冊(cè). 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1991[11] 馮桃新，羅善瞀編. 建設(shè)機(jī)械配套件手冊(cè). 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社， 1996[12] 周明衡主編. 離合器、制動(dòng)器選用手冊(cè). 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社， 2003[13] 黃積偉.章宏甲，黃誼．液壓傳動(dòng)[M] ．北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社， 2007：1-289[14] 吳宗澤.羅圣國(guó)。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)第二版[M] 。北京：高等教育出版社， 2006： 1-261[15] 張志文.起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).北京：中國(guó)鐵道出版社，1997[16] 黃大巍等編著.現(xiàn)代起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械.化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社[17] 現(xiàn)代機(jī)械傳動(dòng)手冊(cè)編輯委員編. 現(xiàn)代機(jī)械傳動(dòng)手冊(cè)[18] 聯(lián)合編制.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)( 上 中 下冊(cè)).化工出版社，1982 年[19] 劉又文，彭獻(xiàn)編著.理論力學(xué).高等教育出版社[20] 孫桓，陳作模，葛文杰編著.機(jī)械原理.西北工業(yè)大學(xué)機(jī)械原理及機(jī)械零件教研室[21] Fittch，E.C.Hydraulic Failure-Analysis&Prevention.Stillwater，OK，USA:FES ，Inc.1984[22] Ferenc Furesz etc.Fundamentals of Hydraulic Power Transmission[M].New York.1988[23] Z.J.Lansky etc.Industrial Pneumatic Control[M].New York.1986第 6 頁(yè)指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn)指導(dǎo)教師： 年 月 日專業(yè)教研室審查意見(jiàn)負(fù)責(zé)人： 年 月 日 密 級(jí)分類號(hào)編 號(hào)成 績(jī)本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) (論文)外 文 翻 譯原 文 標(biāo) 題 Hydraulic System 譯 文 標(biāo) 題 液壓系統(tǒng)作者所在系別作者所在專業(yè)作者所在班級(jí)作 者 姓 名作 者 學(xué) 號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師姓名指導(dǎo)教師職稱完 成 時(shí) 間 2017 年 4 月1譯文標(biāo)題 液壓系統(tǒng)原文標(biāo)題 Hydraulic System作 者 William J.Lucas 譯 名 威廉 J.盧卡斯 國(guó) 籍 美國(guó)原文出處 Hydraulic System摘要：液壓傳動(dòng)和氣壓傳動(dòng)成為流體傳動(dòng)，是根據(jù) 17 世紀(jì)帕斯卡提出的液體靜壓力傳動(dòng)原理而發(fā)展起來(lái)的一門(mén)新興技術(shù)。一個(gè)完整的液壓系統(tǒng)有五個(gè)部分組成，即動(dòng)力元件、執(zhí)行元件、控制元件、輔助元件和液壓油。液壓傳動(dòng)與機(jī)械傳動(dòng)相比有各自的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。關(guān)鍵詞：液壓系統(tǒng) 液壓傳動(dòng) 設(shè)計(jì)2液壓系統(tǒng)液壓傳動(dòng)和氣壓傳動(dòng)稱為流體傳動(dòng)，是根據(jù) 17 世紀(jì)帕斯卡提出的液體靜壓力傳動(dòng)原理而發(fā)展起來(lái)的一門(mén)新興技術(shù)，1795 年英國(guó)約瑟夫?布拉曼(Joseph Braman,1749-1814)，在倫敦用水作為工作介質(zhì)，以水壓機(jī)的形式將其應(yīng)用于工業(yè)上，誕生了世界上第一臺(tái)水壓機(jī)。1905 年將工作介質(zhì)水改為油，又進(jìn)一步得到改善。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)(1914-1918)后液壓傳動(dòng)廣泛應(yīng)用，特別是 1920 年以后，發(fā)展更為迅速。液壓元件大約在 19 世紀(jì)末 20 世紀(jì)初的 20 年間，才開(kāi)始進(jìn)入正規(guī)的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)階段。1925 年維克斯(F.Vikers)發(fā)明了壓力平衡式葉片泵,為近代液壓元件工業(yè)或液壓傳動(dòng)的逐步建立奠定了基礎(chǔ)。20 世紀(jì)初康斯坦丁?尼斯克(G?Constantimsco)對(duì)能量波動(dòng)傳遞所進(jìn)行的理論及實(shí)際研究;1910 年對(duì)液力傳動(dòng)(液力聯(lián)軸節(jié)、液力變矩器等)方面的貢獻(xiàn)，使這兩方面領(lǐng)域得到了發(fā)展。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)(1941-1945)期間,在美國(guó)機(jī)床中有 30%應(yīng)用了液壓傳動(dòng)。應(yīng)該指出,日本液壓傳動(dòng)的發(fā)展較歐美等國(guó)家晚了近 20 多年。在 1955 年前后 , 日本迅速發(fā)展液壓傳動(dòng),1956 年成立了“液壓工業(yè)會(huì)”。近 20～30 年間，日本液壓傳動(dòng)發(fā)展之快，居世界領(lǐng)先地位。液壓傳動(dòng)有許多突出的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，因此它的應(yīng)用非常廣泛，如一般工業(yè)用的塑料加工機(jī)械、壓力機(jī)械、機(jī)床等；行走機(jī)械中的工程機(jī)械、建筑機(jī)械、農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械、汽車等；鋼鐵工業(yè)用的冶金機(jī)械、提升裝置、軋輥調(diào)整裝置等；土木水利工程用的防洪閘門(mén)及堤壩裝置、河床升降裝置、橋梁操縱機(jī)構(gòu)等；發(fā)電廠渦輪機(jī)調(diào)速裝置、核發(fā)電廠等等；船舶用的甲板起重機(jī)械（絞車）、船頭門(mén)、艙壁閥、船尾推進(jìn)器等；特殊技術(shù)用的巨型天線控制裝置、測(cè)量浮標(biāo)、升降旋轉(zhuǎn)舞臺(tái)等；軍事工業(yè)用的火炮操縱裝置、船舶減搖裝置、飛行器仿真、飛機(jī)起落架的收放裝置和方向舵控制裝置等。一個(gè)完整的液壓系統(tǒng)由五個(gè)部分組成，即動(dòng)力元件、執(zhí)行元件、控制元件、輔助元件和液壓油。 動(dòng)力元件的作用是將原動(dòng)機(jī)的機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換成液體的壓力能，指液壓系統(tǒng)中的油泵，它向整個(gè)液壓系統(tǒng)提供動(dòng)力。液壓泵的結(jié)構(gòu)形式一般有齒輪泵、葉片泵和柱塞泵。 執(zhí)行元件(如液壓缸和液壓馬達(dá))的作用是將液體的壓力能轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械能，驅(qū)動(dòng)負(fù)載作直線往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)或回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。 控制元件(即各種液壓閥)在液壓系統(tǒng)中控制和調(diào)節(jié)液體的壓力、流量和方向。根據(jù)控制功能的不同，液壓閥可分為壓力控制閥、流量控制閥和方向控制閥。壓力控制閥又分為益流閥(安全閥)、減壓閥、順序閥、壓力繼電器等；流量控制閥包括節(jié)流閥、調(diào)整閥、分流集流閥等；方向控制閥包括單向閥、液控單向閥、梭3閥、換向閥等。根據(jù)控制方式不同，液壓閥可分為開(kāi)關(guān)式控制閥、定值控制閥和比例控制閥。 輔助元件包括油箱、濾油器、油管及管接頭、密封圈、壓力表、油位油溫計(jì)等。 液壓油是液壓系統(tǒng)中傳遞能量的工作介質(zhì)，有各種礦物油、乳化液和合成型液壓油等幾大類。液壓系統(tǒng)的作用就是幫助人類做工。主要是由執(zhí)行元件把壓力變成轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)或往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。液壓的原理：它是由兩個(gè)大小不同的液缸組成的，在液缸里充滿水或油。充水的叫“水壓機(jī)”；充油的稱“油壓機(jī)”。兩個(gè)液缸里各有一個(gè)可以滑動(dòng)的活塞，如果在小活塞上加一定值的壓力，根據(jù)帕斯卡定律，小活塞將這一壓力通過(guò)液體的壓強(qiáng)傳遞給大活塞，將大活塞頂上去。設(shè)小活塞的橫截面積是 S1，加在小活塞上的向下的壓力是 F1。于是，小活塞對(duì)液體的壓強(qiáng)為 P=F1/SI, 能夠大小不變地被液體向各個(gè)方向傳遞”。大活塞所受到的壓強(qiáng)必然也等于 P。若大活塞的橫截面積是 S2，壓強(qiáng) P 在大活塞上所產(chǎn)生的向上的壓力 F2=PxS2 截面積是小活塞橫截面積的倍數(shù)。從上式知，在小活塞上加一較小的力，則在大活塞上會(huì)得到很大的力，為此用液壓機(jī)來(lái)壓制膠合板、榨油、提取重物、鍛壓鋼材等。 液壓系統(tǒng)由信號(hào)控制和液壓動(dòng)力兩部分組成，信號(hào)控制部分用于驅(qū)動(dòng)液壓動(dòng)力部分中的控制閥動(dòng)作。液壓動(dòng)力部分采用回路圖方式表示，以表明不同功能元件之間的相互關(guān)系。液壓源含有液壓泵、電動(dòng)機(jī)和液壓輔助元件；液壓控制部分含有各種控制閥，其用于控制工作油液的流量、壓力和方向；執(zhí)行部分含有液壓缸或液壓馬達(dá)，其可按實(shí)際要求來(lái)選擇。與機(jī)械傳動(dòng)、電氣傳動(dòng)相比，液壓傳動(dòng)具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn)：1、液壓傳動(dòng)的各種元件，可以根據(jù)需要方便、靈活地來(lái)布置。2、重量輕、體積小、運(yùn)動(dòng)慣性小、反應(yīng)速度快。3、操縱控制方便，可實(shí)現(xiàn)大范圍的無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速（調(diào)速范圍達(dá) 2000：1）。4、可自動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)過(guò)載保護(hù)。5、一般采用礦物油作為工作介質(zhì)，相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)面可自行潤(rùn)滑，使用壽命長(zhǎng)。6、很容易實(shí)現(xiàn)直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。7、很容易實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)器的自動(dòng)化，當(dāng)采用電液聯(lián)合控制后，不僅可實(shí)現(xiàn)更高程度的自動(dòng)控制過(guò)程，而且可以實(shí)現(xiàn)遙控。液壓系統(tǒng)的缺點(diǎn)：1、由于流體流動(dòng)的阻力和泄露較大，所以效率較低。如果處理不當(dāng)，泄露不僅污染場(chǎng)地，而且還可能引起火災(zāi)和爆炸事故。2、由于工作性能易受到溫度變化的影響，因此不宜在很高或很低的溫度條4件下工作。3、液壓元件的制造精度要求較高，因而價(jià)格較貴。4、由于液體介質(zhì)的泄露及可壓縮性影響，不能得到嚴(yán)格的傳動(dòng)比。5、液壓傳動(dòng)出故障時(shí)不易找出原因；使用和維修要求有較高的技術(shù)水平。在液壓系統(tǒng)及其系統(tǒng)中，密封裝置用來(lái)防止工作介質(zhì)的泄漏及外界灰塵和異物的侵入。其中起密封作用的元件，即密封件。外漏會(huì)造成工作介質(zhì)的浪費(fèi)，污染機(jī)器和環(huán)境，甚至引起機(jī)械操作失靈及設(shè)備人身事故。內(nèi)漏會(huì)引起液壓系統(tǒng)容積效率急劇下降，達(dá)不到所需要的工作壓力，甚至不能進(jìn)行工作。侵入系統(tǒng)中的微小灰塵顆粒，會(huì)引起或加劇液壓元件摩擦副的磨損，進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致泄漏。因此，密封件和密封裝置是液壓設(shè)備的一個(gè)重要組成部分。它的工作的可靠性和使用壽命，是衡量液壓系統(tǒng)好壞的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo)。除間隙密封外，都是利用密封件，使相鄰兩個(gè)偶合表面間的間隙控制在需要密封的液體能通過(guò)的最小間隙以下。在接觸式密封中，分為自封式壓緊型密封和自封式自緊型密封（即唇形密封）兩種。液壓系統(tǒng)的三大頑疾1、發(fā)熱 由于傳力介質(zhì)（液壓油）在流動(dòng)過(guò)程中存在各部位流速的不同，導(dǎo)致液體內(nèi)部存在一定的內(nèi)摩擦，同時(shí)液體和管路內(nèi)壁之間也存在摩擦，這些都是導(dǎo)致液壓油溫度升高的原因。溫度升高將導(dǎo)致內(nèi)外泄漏增大，降低其機(jī)械效率。同時(shí)由于較高的溫度，液壓油會(huì)發(fā)生膨脹，導(dǎo)致壓縮性增大，使控制動(dòng)作無(wú)法很好的傳遞。解決辦法：發(fā)熱是液壓系統(tǒng)的固有特征，無(wú)法根除只能盡量減輕。使用質(zhì)量好的液壓油、液壓管路的布置中應(yīng)盡量避免彎頭的出現(xiàn)、使用高質(zhì)量的管路以及管接頭、液壓閥等。2、振動(dòng) 液壓系統(tǒng)的振動(dòng)也是其痼疾之一。由于液壓油在管路中的高速流動(dòng)而產(chǎn)生的沖擊以及控制閥打開(kāi)關(guān)閉過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的沖擊都是系統(tǒng)發(fā)生振動(dòng)的原因。強(qiáng)的振動(dòng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)控制動(dòng)作發(fā)生錯(cuò)誤，也會(huì)使系統(tǒng)中一些較為精密的儀器發(fā)生錯(cuò)誤，導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)故障。解決辦法：液壓管路應(yīng)盡量固定，避免出現(xiàn)急彎。避免頻繁改變液流方向，無(wú)法避免時(shí)應(yīng)做好減振措施。整個(gè)液壓系統(tǒng)應(yīng)有良好的減振措施，同時(shí)還要避免外來(lái)振源對(duì)系統(tǒng)的影響。3、泄漏 液壓系統(tǒng)的泄漏分為內(nèi)泄漏和外泄漏。內(nèi)泄漏指泄漏過(guò)程發(fā)生在系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部，例如液壓缸活塞兩邊的泄漏、控制閥閥芯與閥體之間的泄漏等。內(nèi)泄漏雖然不會(huì)產(chǎn)生液壓油的損失，但是由于發(fā)生泄漏，既定的控制動(dòng)作可能會(huì)受到影響，直至引起系統(tǒng)故障。外泄漏是指發(fā)生在系統(tǒng)和外部環(huán)境之間的泄漏。液壓油直接泄漏到環(huán)境中，除了會(huì)影響系統(tǒng)的工作環(huán)境外，還會(huì)導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)壓力不夠引發(fā)故障。泄漏到環(huán)境中的液壓油還有發(fā)生火災(zāi)的危險(xiǎn)。解決辦法：采用質(zhì)量較好的密封件，提高設(shè)備的加工精度。液壓元件將向高性能、高質(zhì)量、高可靠性、系統(tǒng)成套方向發(fā)展；向低能耗、5低噪聲、振動(dòng)、無(wú)泄漏以及污染控制、應(yīng)用水基介質(zhì)等適應(yīng)環(huán)保要求方向發(fā)展；開(kāi)發(fā)高集成化高功率密度、智能化、機(jī)電一體化以及輕小型微型液壓元件；積極采用新工藝、新材料和電子、傳感等高新技術(shù)。液力偶合器向高速大功率和集成化的液力傳動(dòng)裝置發(fā)展，開(kāi)發(fā)水介質(zhì)調(diào)速型液力偶合器和向汽車應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域發(fā)展，開(kāi)發(fā)液力減速器，提高產(chǎn)品可靠性和平均無(wú)故障工作時(shí)間；液力變矩器要開(kāi)發(fā)大功率的產(chǎn)品，提高零部件的制造工藝技術(shù)，提高可靠性，推廣計(jì)算機(jī)輔助技術(shù)，開(kāi)發(fā)液力變矩器與動(dòng)力換檔變速箱配套使用技術(shù)；液粘調(diào)速離合器應(yīng)提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，形成批量，向大功率和高轉(zhuǎn)速方向發(fā)展。6原文： Hydraulic SystemHydraulic presser drive and air pressure drive hydraulic fluid as the transmission is made according to the 17th century, Pascal's principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of an emerging technology, the United Kingdom in 1795 ? Braman Joseph (Joseph Braman ,1749-1814), in London water as a medium to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of the world's first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be replaced by oil-water and further improved.After the World War I (1914-1918) ,because of the extensive application of hydraulic transmission, especially after 1920, more rapid development. Hydraulic components in the late 19th century about the early 20th century, 20 years, only started to enter the formal phase of industrial production. 1925 Vickers (F. Vikers) the invention of the pressure balanced vane pump, hydraulic components for the modern industrial or hydraulic transmission of the gradual establishment of the foundation. The early 20th century G ? Constantimscofluct- uations of the energy carried out by passing theoretical and practical research; in 1910 on the hydraulic trans- mission (hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter, etc.) contributions, so that these two areas of development.The Second World War (1941-1945) period, in the United States 30% of machine tool applications in the hydraulic transmission. It should be noted that the development of hydraulic transmission in Japan than Europe and the United States and other countries for nearly 20 years later. Before and after in 1955, the rapid development of Japan's hydraulic drive, set up in 1956, “Hydraulic Industry.“ Nearly 20 to 30 years, the development of Japan's fast hydraulic transmission, a world leader.Hydraulic transmission There are many outstanding advantages, it is widely used, such as general industrial use of plastics processing machinery, the pressure of machinery, machine tools, etc.; operating machinery engineering machinery, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobiles, etc.; iron and steel indu-stry metallurgical machinery, lifting equipment, such as roller adjustment device; civil water projects with flood control and dam gate devices, bed lifts installations, bridges and other manipulation of institutions; speed turbine power plant installations, nuclear power plants, etc.; ship from the deck heavy machinery (winch), the bow doors, bulkhead valve, stern thruster, etc.; special antenna technology giant with control devices, measurement buoys, movements such as rotating stage; military industrial 7control devices used in artillery, ship antirolling devices, aircraft simulation, aircraft retractable landing gear and rudder control devices and other devices.A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of components, control components, auxiliary components and hydraulic oil. The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid into mechanical energy to the pressure that the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. The structure of the form of hydraulic pump gears are generally pump, vane pump and piston pump. Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement.Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic pressure control valve can be divided into valves, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be divided into the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set the value of the ratio control valve. Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oil dollars. Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories. The role of the hydraulic system is to help humanity work. Mainly by the implementation of components to rotate or pressure into a reciprocating motion. Hydraulic principle ：it consists of two cylinders of different sizes and composition of fluid in the fluid full of water or oil. Water is called “hydraulic press“; the said oilfilled “hydraulic machine.“ Each of the two liquid a sliding piston, if the increase in the small piston on the pressure of a certain value, according to Pascal's law, small piston to the pressure of the pressure through the liquid passed to the large piston, piston top will go a long way to go. Based cross-sectional area of the small piston is S1, plus a small piston in the downward pressure on the F1. Thus, a small piston on the liquid pressure to P = F1/SI, Can be the same size in all directions to the transmission of 8liquid. “By the large piston is also equivalent to the inevitable pressure P. If the large piston is the cross-sectional area S2, the pressure P on the piston in the upward pressure generated F2 = PxS2 Cross-sectional area is a small multiple of the piston cross-sectional area. From the type known to add in a small piston of a smaller force, the piston will be in great force, for which the hydraulic machine used to suppress plywood, oil, extract heavy objects, such as forging steel.Hydraulic system and hydraulic power control signal is composed of two parts, the signal control of some parts of the hydraulic power used to drive the control valve movement. Part of the hydraulic power means that the circuit diagram used to show the different functions of the interrelationship between components. Containing the source of hydraulic pump, hydraulic motor and auxiliary components; hydraulic control part contains a variety of control valves, used to control the flow of oil, pressure and direction; operative or hydraulic cylinder with hydraulic motors, according to the actual requirements of their choice.With mechanical transmission, electrical transmission compared to the hydraulic drive has the following advantages: 1, a variety of hydraulic components, can easily and flexibly to layout. 2, light weight, small size, small inertia, fast response. 3, to facilitate manipulation of control, enabling a wide range of stepless speed regulation (speed range of 2000:1). 4, to achieve overload protection automatically. 5, the general use of mineral oil as a working medium, the relative motion can be self-lubricating surface, long service life. 6, it is easy to achieve linear motion.7, it is easy to achieve the automation of machines, when the joint control of the use of electro-hydraulic, not only can achieve a higher degree of process automation, and remote control can be achieved.The shortcomings of the hydraulic system: 1, as a result of the resistance to fluid flow and leakage of the larger, so less efficient. If not handled properly, leakage is not only contaminated sites, but also may cause fire and explosion. 2, vulnerable performance as a result of the impact of temperature change, it would be inappropriate in the high or low temperature conditions. 3, the manufacture of precision hydraulic components require a higher, more expensive and hence the price. 94, due to the leakage of liquid medium and the compressibility and can not be strictly the transmission ratio. 5, hydraulic transmission is not easy to find out the reasons for failure; the use and maintenance requirements for a higher level of technology.In the hydraulic system and its system, the sealing device to prevent leakage of the work of media within and outside the dust and the intrusion of foreign bodies. Seals played the role of components, namely seals. Medium will result in leakage of waste, pollution and environmental machinery and even give rise to malfunctioning machinery and equipment for personal accident. Leakage within the hydraulic system will cause a sharp drop in volumetric efficiency, amounting to less than the required pressure, can not even work. Microinvasive system of dust particles, can cause or exacerbate friction hydraulic component wear, and further lead to leakage.Therefore, seals and sealing device is an important hydraulic equipment components. The reliability of its work and life, is a measure of the hydraulic system an important indicator of good or bad. In addition to the closed space, are the use of seals, so that two adjacent coupling surface of the gap between the need to control the liquid can be sealed following the smallest gap. In the contact seal, pressed into self-seal-style and self-styled self-tight seal (ie, sealed lips) two.The three hydraulic system diseases 1, as a result of heat transmission medium (hydraulic oil) in the flow velocity in various parts of the existence of different, resulting in the existence of a liquid within the internal friction of liquids and pipelines at the same time there is friction between the inner wall, which are a result of hydraulic the reasons for the oil temperature. Temperature will lead to increased internal and external leakage, reducing its mechanical efficiency. At the same time as a result of high temperature, hydraulic oil expansion will occur, resulting in increased compression, so that action can not be very good control of transmission. Solution: heat is the inherent characte -ristics of the hydraulic system, not only to minimize eradication. Use a good quality hydraulic oil, hydraulic piping arrangement should be avoided as far as possible the emergence of bend, the use of high-quality pipe and fittings, hydraulic valves, etc.2, the vibration of the vibration of the hydraulic system is also one of its malaise. As a result of hydraulic oil in the pipeline flow of high-speed impact and the control valve to open the closure of the impact of the process are the reasons for the vibration system. Strong vibration control action will cause the system to error, the system will also be some of the more sophisticated equipment error, resulting in system failures. Solutions: hydraulic pipe should be fixed to avoid sharp bends. To avoid frequent 10changes in flow direction, can not avoid damping measures should be doing a good job. The entire hydraulic system should have a good damping measures, while avoiding the external local oscillator on the system.3, the leakage of the hydraulic system leak into inside and outside the leakage leakage. Leakage refers to the process with the leak occurred in the system, such as hydraulic piston-cylinder on both sides of the leakage, the control valve spool and valve body, such as between the leakage. Although no internal leakage of hydraulic fluid loss, but due to leakage, the control of the established movements may be affected until the cause system failures. Outside means the occurrence of leakage in the system and the leakage between the external environment. Direct leakage of hydraulic oil into the environment, in addition to the system will affect the working environment, not enough pressure will cause the system to trigger a fault. Leakage into the environment of the hydraulic oil was also the danger of fire. Solution: the use of better quality seals to improve the machining accuracy of equipment.Hydraulic components will be high-performance, high-quality, high reliability, the system sets the direction of development; to the low power, low noise, vibration, without leakage, as well as pollution control, water based media applications to adapt to environmental requirements, such as the direction of development; the development of highly integrated high power density, intelligence, mechatronics and micro-light mini-hydraulic components; active use of new techniques, new materials and electronics, sensing and other high-tech.Hydraulic coupling to high-speed high-power and integrated development of hydraulic transmission equipment, development of water hydraulic coupling medium speed and the field of automotive applications to develop hydraulic reducer, improve product reliability and working hours MTBF; hydraulic torque converter to the development of high-power products, parts and components to improve the manufacturing process technology to improve reliability, promote computeraided technology, the development of hydraulic torque converter and power shift transmission technology supporting the use of ; Clutch fluid viscosity should increase the quality of products, the formation of bulk to the high-power and high-speed direction.指 導(dǎo) 教 師 評(píng) 語(yǔ)外文翻譯成績(jī)：指導(dǎo)教師簽字：年 月 日注：1. 指導(dǎo)教師對(duì)譯文進(jìn)行評(píng)閱時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)方面：①翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的主題是否高度相關(guān)，并作為外文參考文獻(xiàn)列入畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的參考文獻(xiàn)；②翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)字?jǐn)?shù)是否達(dá)到規(guī)定數(shù)量（3 000 字以上）；③譯文語(yǔ)言是否準(zhǔn)確、通順、具有參考價(jià)值。2. 外文原文應(yīng)以附件的方式置于譯文之后。