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第四講詞性轉(zhuǎn)換(構(gòu)詞法) 英語構(gòu)詞法主要有三種：合成、轉(zhuǎn)化和派生。合成是指將兩個(gè)意思不同的單詞結(jié)合成一個(gè)新詞；轉(zhuǎn)化是指一個(gè)單詞的詞形不變而由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種詞性；派生是指通過給一個(gè)單詞加前綴或后綴變成另一個(gè)詞。前綴一般改變詞義而不改變詞性，后綴一般改變詞性而不改變詞義。將構(gòu)詞法置于此處講解，一是對前面基礎(chǔ)詞法的匯總，二是為攻克后面的重難動詞做鋪墊。 動詞、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞 [全析考法] 單句語法填空/單句改錯(cuò) 1．(2018全國卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased ________ (pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people. 解析：pollution　decrease“降低，減少”，為及物動詞，后接名詞作賓語，故填名詞pollution。 2．(20186月浙江高考)Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in ________(weigh) problems. 解析：weight　根據(jù)語境可知，此處表示體重方面的問題，故此處填名詞作定語。 3．(2017全國卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her ________ (educate)． 解析：education　前面有形容詞性物主代詞her，此處應(yīng)該使用動詞educate的名詞形式education作賓語。 4．(2016全國卷Ⅰ)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asias biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top ________ (attract)． 解析：attraction　此處作表語且前面由its top修飾，應(yīng)該用attract的名詞形式attraction，意為“吸引人之物，誘惑物”。 5．(2016全國卷Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C., influenced the __________ (develop) of chopsticks. 解析：development　根據(jù)空前面的the和空后面的of可知，此處需填develop的名詞形式development。 6．(2016全國卷Ⅰ)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.________________ 解析：honest→honesty　根據(jù)句意和結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處應(yīng)該使用名詞形式。 [謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則] 1．動詞變名詞的后綴 后綴 例　詞 ion/tion/ sion/ation correct→correction　　　　 改正 celebrate→celebration 慶祝；慶祝會 attract→attraction 吸引 conclude→conclusion 結(jié)論；結(jié)束 discuss→discussion 討論；辯論 decide→decision 決定 admit→admission 接納；準(zhǔn)許入學(xué) invite→invitation 邀請 explain→explanation 解釋 graduate→graduation 畢業(yè) expect→expectation 期望 er/or drive→driver　　 　　　　 司機(jī)；駕駛員 gather→gatherer 收集者；采集者 teach→teacher 老師 announce→announcer 廣播員 conduct→conductor 指揮；售票員 ment punish→punishment　 　　 懲罰 achieve→achievement 功績；成就 argue→argument 辯論；論據(jù) treat→treatment 對待；治療 equip→equipment 裝備；設(shè)備 govern→government 政府 ance/ ence appear→appearance　 　 　 出現(xiàn)；外貌 guide→guidance 指引；指導(dǎo) perform→performance 表演；節(jié)目 exist→existence 存在；生存 prefer→preference 偏愛 refer→reference 參考；查閱= ing hear→hearing　　　 　　　 聽力；聽覺 begin→beginning 開始 ure/ture fail→failure　　　　　　　 失敗；倒閉 press→pressure 壓力 depart→departure 離開；出發(fā) mix→mixture 混合；混合物 y recover→recovery　　　 　 恢復(fù)；痊愈 discover→discovery 發(fā)現(xiàn) 其他 choose→choice　 　　 　　 選擇 vary→variety 多樣化；種類 tend→tendency 趨向；趨勢 2．形容詞變名詞的后綴 后綴 例　詞 age short→shortage　　　　　 不足；短缺 cy efficient→efficiency　　 　 效率；功效 fluent→fluency 流利；流暢 accurate→accuracy 準(zhǔn)確性 private→privacy 隱私；私密 dom free→freedom　　　 　 　 自由；自主 wise→wisdom 明智；智慧 ence different→difference　　　 差異 silent→silence 沉默 ness weak→weakness　 　　 　 虛弱；弱點(diǎn) kind→kindness 仁慈；好意 careless→carelessness 粗心大意 th strong→strength　　 　 　 力氣；強(qiáng)項(xiàng) warm→warmth 溫暖；熱情 y/ty/ity honest→honesty　　　　　 誠實(shí) difficult→difficulty 困難 cruel→cruelty 殘酷；殘暴 safe→safety 安全 disable→disability 無能；傷殘 responsible→responsibility 責(zé)任 名詞、動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞　 [全析考法] 單句語法填空 1．(2018全國卷Ⅰ)Running is cheap, easy and its always ________ (energy)． 解析：energetic　根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處應(yīng)該使用與其前的cheap, easy相同形式的形容詞energetic作表語。 2．(2018全國卷Ⅱ)According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total ________ (globe) fertilizer consumption. 解析：global　此處和total一起修飾名詞短語fertilizer consumption，意為“全世界的化肥總消耗量”，故用其形容詞形式global作定語。 3．(20186月浙江高考)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be ________ (afford) but doing this most days adds up. 解析：affordable　根據(jù)語境可知此處作表語，所以要用形容詞形式。 4．(2014全國卷Ⅱ)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and ________ (disappoint)． 解析：disappointed　和前面的anxious并列，表示人的內(nèi)心活動，應(yīng)使用ed形式的形容詞，此處表示“他們中有些人看起來既焦慮又失望”。 [謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則] 后綴 例　詞 able accept→acceptable　　 　　可接受的 fort→fortable 舒適的 fashion→fashionable 時(shí)髦的 suit→suitable 合適的 reason→reasonable 有道理的 al music→musical　　　 　 　音樂的 origin→original 最初的 person→personal 個(gè)人的；私人的 centre→central 中央的；中心的 nature→natural 自然的；天生的 ful doubt→doubtful　　　　 　懷疑的 forget→forgetful 健忘的 harm→harmful 有害的 hope→hopeful 有希望的 peace→peaceful 和平的 ed scare→scared　　　 　 　　感到恐懼的 confuse→confused 感到困惑的 underline→underlined 下劃線的 ing surprise→surprising　 　 　令人驚異的 convince→convincing 令人信服的 satisfy→satisfying 令人滿意的 ible access→accessible　　 　 　容易取得的 horror→horrible 可怕的；恐怖的 terror→terrible 可怕的 ive act→active　　 　　 　　　積極的；活躍的 effect→effective 有效的；生效的 attract→attractive 有吸引力的 impress→impressive 給人深刻印象的 ous continue→continuous　 　　不斷的；持續(xù)的 anxiety→anxious 憂慮的 caution→cautious 小心的；謹(jǐn)慎的 curiosity→curious 好奇的 humor→humorous 幽默的 some tire→tiresome　　 　　　　令人厭倦的 trouble→troublesome 麻煩的 y taste→tasty　　　 　　　　美味的；可口的 health→healthy 健康的 wealth→wealthy 富裕的；豐富的 ern east→eastern　　　 　 　　東方的；向東的 ish child→childish　 　　 　 　孩子氣的 fool→foolish 愚蠢的；可笑的 self→selfish 自私的 [特別注意]　ed形容詞多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，意為“感到……的”，通常修飾人；ing形容詞多表示主語所具有的特征，意為“令人……的”，通常修飾物或事。 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞　 [全析考法] Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1．(2018全國卷Ⅱ)A taste for meat is ________ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. 解析：actually　此處用副詞作狀語修飾系動詞is。 2．(201811月浙江高考)________ (recent), caffeine has found its way into orange, apple, and other flavored drinks. 解析：Recently　此處考查時(shí)間副詞作狀語，故填Recently。 3．(2016全國卷Ⅰ)The title will be ________ (official) given to me at a ceremony in London. 解析：officially　此處表示(大使)這個(gè)頭銜將在倫敦的一個(gè)儀式上正式授予給我，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，應(yīng)該使用副詞officially作狀語修飾動詞given。 4．(2016全國卷Ⅱ)Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks ______ (regular)． 解析：regularly　此處需要用副詞修飾動詞短語“take short breaks”。 5．(2015廣東高考)________ (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day. 解析：Luckily　此處為副詞用于句首修飾整個(gè)句子，表示狀態(tài)。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò) 1．(2018全國卷Ⅰ)I felt happily that their life had improved.________________ 解析：happily→happy　動詞felt在此處是系動詞，意為“覺得，感覺”，其后應(yīng)該使用形容詞happy作表語。 2．(2017全國卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.________________ 解析：suddenly→sudden　此處需要用形容詞修飾后面的名詞stop，表示“突然的停止”。 3．(2016全國卷Ⅰ)Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steady.________________ 解析：steady→steadily　謂語動詞grow是不及物動詞，意為“增長，增強(qiáng)”，此處應(yīng)該使用副詞steadily作狀語修飾grow。grow steadily意為“穩(wěn)定地增長”。 4．(2016全國卷Ⅲ)At one time, I even felt my parents couldnt understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them.________________ 解析：freely→free　此處需要用形容詞作表語。be free from them “擺脫他們”。 5．(2015全國卷Ⅱ)Dad and I were terrible worried.________________ 解析：terrible→terribly　此處應(yīng)用副詞terribly修飾形容詞worried。 [謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則] 類　別 例　詞 直接加ly clear→clearly　　　清楚地 great→greatly 很，大大地 以輔音字母＋y結(jié)尾的形容詞，變y為i再加ly happy→happily　　高興地 heavy→heavily 沉重地 詞尾為ble/le的形容詞，去掉e，再加y terrible→terribly可怕地；極度地 gentle→gently　 　輕輕地 詞尾為ue的形容詞，去掉e再加ly true→truly　 　 　真實(shí)地 詞尾為ll的形容詞，直接加y full→fully充分地；完全地 dull→dully　 　 　遲鈍地 詞尾為ic的形容詞，加ally basic→basically主要地，基本上 scientific→scientifically 合乎科學(xué)地 語法填空解題“2策略” 1．利用句子成分確定詞性 (1)如果要填的詞在句中作主語、賓語或表語要考慮名詞形式。 (2)如果要填的詞作定語、表語、主語補(bǔ)足語或賓語補(bǔ)足語，要想到用形容詞；如果作狀語，要想到用副詞。 2．根據(jù)修飾詞或被修飾詞確定詞性 (1)如果要填的詞被形容詞、定冠詞或形容詞性物主代詞修飾，此時(shí)要考慮用名詞形式。 (2)如果要填的詞修飾名詞，要想到用形容詞；如果修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，要想到用副詞。 據(jù)第1條解題 1．This gives the paintings deeper meaning (mean) and more elegance. 2．Grassland is destroyed without mercy so that dust storms e into being affecting distant_(distance) cities. 3．The old people there were talkative and they told us their personal (person) stories cheerfully. 4．After some time, when both of you have renewed your confidence (confident) in each other, go back to the time when you nearly fell apart. 5．Therefore, lets take the responsibility (responsible) to build up a lowcarbon city by riding bicycles. e on and join us! 據(jù)第2條解題 6．However, behind his physical appearance (appear), Carry is a warm, funloving, intelligent person. 7．Your ideas are very interesting, but we need practical (practice) suggestions to get us out of trouble. 8．During that time a number of productive (product) poets turned out as many as 50,000 classical poems. 9．It was always a pleasure (pleasant) to visit these two sisters. 10．They all e from the plant Camellia sinensis (茶樹), and are simply (simple) processed in different ways. 短文改錯(cuò)解題“2視角” 1．看被修飾詞或平行成分 (1)如果修飾名詞，要用形容詞； (2)如果修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞和分詞應(yīng)用副詞； (3)修飾人，表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，意為“感到……的”， 用ed形容詞；修飾物或事，表示主語所具有的特征，意為“令人……的”， 用ing形容詞； (4)注意其平行成分的詞性。 2．看句子成分 (1)作定語、表語、主語補(bǔ)足語或賓語補(bǔ)足語，要想到應(yīng)用形容詞。 (2)作狀語要想到應(yīng)用副詞。 據(jù)第1條解題 1．I worked as a reporter for our school newspaper last year, which I think will certain help me do the job better.certain→certainly 2．It was when I brought them in at the dusk that I found something terribly happened._terribly→terrible 3．“Today is my fathers birthday？” Zhangwei was a little puzzling. puzzling→puzzled 4．At this moment, I found the city was so interested. interested→interesting 5．Everyone praised Ah Bao for his brave and kindness.brave→bravery 據(jù)第2條解題 6．I restarted to pick up my confident again. confident→confidence 7．The next morning when he was out, the hotel worker hammered a nail exact where the “fly” had been.exact→exactly 8．I was lost in happy because I did a little for a stranger but I gained a lot._happy→happiness 9．To my joyful, he replied that he gave it to a homeless man. joyful→joy 10．To conclude, I am readily to take on the job.readily→ready