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第六課時(shí)　情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語(yǔ)氣 [感 悟 高 考] 1.________ not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overe her difficulty.(2017江蘇卷) A.It were B.Were it C.It was D.Was it 答案　B　[虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，be動(dòng)詞統(tǒng)一用were；虛擬語(yǔ)氣的省略形式是把if省略，同時(shí)把were/should/had提前，即Were/Should/Had I...，故選B。句意：要不是老師們的支持，該生是無(wú)法克服困難的。] 2.Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, ________ easily reach the books on the top shelf.(2017北京卷) A.must B.should C.can D.need 答案　C　[must必須；should應(yīng)該；can能；need需要。句意：Samuel，我班最高的男生，能很輕松地夠著書架頂上的書。] 3.If the new safety system ________ to use, the accident would never have happened. (2017北京卷) A.had been put B.were put C.should be put D.would be put 答案　A　[句意：如果這個(gè)新的安全系統(tǒng)被投入使用的話，這個(gè)事故就不會(huì)發(fā)生了。根據(jù)主句would never have happened確定是對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬，所以從句謂語(yǔ)用had done形式。] 4.My room is a mess, but I ________ clean it before I go out tonight. I can do it in the morning.(2017天津卷) A.daren’t B.shouldn’t C.needn’t D.mustn’t 答案　C　[句意：我的房間很亂，但是在今晚我出去之前不需要打掃，我可以明天早晨再打掃。daren’t不敢；shouldn’t不應(yīng)該；needn’t不需要；mustn’t不許。根據(jù)句意，故選C。] 5.—Do you have Betty’s phone number? —Yes. Otherwise, I ________ able to reach her yesterday.(2017天津卷) A.hadn’t been B.wouldn’t have been C.weren’t D.wouldn’t be 答案　B　[句意：——你有貝蒂的電話號(hào)碼嗎？——有。否則我昨天就聯(lián)系不到她了。標(biāo)志詞otherwise相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句：If I hadn’t have her phone number，即對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，可以判斷出主句用wouldn’t have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬，故選B。] [要 點(diǎn) 精 析] 一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法 1.can 和could的用法 (1)表示“能力，能夠”。 —No one can be pared with Yao Ming in playing basketball. —Oh, you are really his big fan. ——在打籃球方面，無(wú)人能與姚明相媲美。 ——你真是姚明的鐵桿粉絲。 (2)表示“許可”，此時(shí)can可以和may換用。 You can (may) go home now. 你現(xiàn)在可以回家了。 (3)表示驚訝，常用在否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。 How could you do such a silly thing? 你怎么能做那樣的蠢事呢？ (4)cannot...too/enough表示“無(wú)論……也不過(guò)分”；“越……越好”。 I can’t thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home. 我們不在家時(shí)，你對(duì)我兒子的幫助，我怎樣感謝你都不過(guò)分。 2.may和might的用法 (1)may和might表示“許可”。 —May I take the book out? —I’m afraid not. ——我能將書帶出去嗎？ ——恐怕不行。 (2)“may/might as well＋動(dòng)詞原形”意為“最好；不妨”。 If you think the price of beef is too high, you may as well buy some pork. It depends on you. 如果你認(rèn)為牛肉太貴的話，你不妨買些豬肉。你自己決定。 3.must的用法 (1)表示必要性，意為“必須”。 —Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now? —I am afraid you must, in case he es late for the meeting. ——我現(xiàn)在通知他日程表的變動(dòng)嗎？ ——恐怕你必須通知他，以免他開會(huì)遲到。 (2)表示禁止(用于否定句)。 The new law states that people mustn’t drive after drinking alcohol. 新頒布的法律禁止人們酒后駕車。 (3)表示“偏偏，偏要”。 If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over. 如果你非要走的話，至少等到暴風(fēng)雨結(jié)束。 4.need的用法 (1)need作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。 He needn’t worry about us now. 他現(xiàn)在不必為我們擔(dān)心。 (2)need也可作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，用于肯定句、否定句和疑問(wèn)句中，其后可接名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞或帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)。 You need to practise reading aloud every day. 你有必要每天都大聲朗讀。 5.shall和should的用法 (1)shall的用法 ①用于第一、第三人稱疑問(wèn)句中，表示說(shuō)話人征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)或向?qū)Ψ秸?qǐng)示。 —What time shall I pick you up at your house tomorrow, sir? —I haven’t decided on the time.But I will call you. ——先生，我明天什么時(shí)候到你家接你呢？ ——我還沒(méi)有決定時(shí)間，但是我會(huì)給你打電話的。 ②用于第二、第三人稱陳述句中，表示說(shuō)話人給對(duì)方的命令、警告、允諾或威脅。 —Will you read me a story, Mummy? —OK. You shall have one if you go to bed as soon as possible. ——媽媽，給我講個(gè)故事好嗎？ ——好的，如果你盡快上床睡覺(jué)我就給你講一個(gè)。 ③用于第三人稱作主語(yǔ)的陳述句中，在條約、規(guī)定、法令等文件中表示義務(wù)或規(guī)定。 The National Party congress shall be held every five years. 黨代會(huì)每五年舉行一次。 (2)should的用法 ①表示義務(wù)、職責(zé)等，意為“應(yīng)該”。 The children should be taken good care of. 這些孩子應(yīng)該受到好的照顧。 ②表示說(shuō)話人的驚奇、憤怒、失望等特殊情感。 How should I know where you’ve left your bag? 我怎么知道你把包丟在哪里了？ 6.will和would的用法 (1)表示意志、意愿和決心，would用于過(guò)去的情況。 —Goodbye, John. e back again sometime. —Sure. I will. ——再見(jiàn)，約翰。歡迎再來(lái)。 ——好的，我會(huì)的。 —Why didn’t you e to Simon’s party last night? —I wanted to, but my mom simply would not let me out so late at night. ——你昨晚為什么沒(méi)有參加Simon的聚會(huì)？ ——我想去，但是媽媽不愿意讓我自己在這么晚的時(shí)間出去。 (2)will可以表示一種習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，有“總是”或“總要”之意。 Every morning he will have a walk along this river. 每天早晨，他總是沿著小河散步。 (3)would可以表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，比used to正式，但沒(méi)有“現(xiàn)已無(wú)此習(xí)慣”的含義。 When we worked in the same firm several years ago, we would often go to the cinema together. 當(dāng)幾年前我們?cè)谕患夜竟ぷ鲿r(shí)，我們常常一起去看電影。 二、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的用法 1.can表推測(cè)。 (1)can表示推測(cè)時(shí)常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句，語(yǔ)氣很強(qiáng)烈。 Mr.Bush is on time for everything.How can it be that he was late for the meeting? 布什先生做什么事情都很準(zhǔn)時(shí)，他怎么可能開會(huì)遲到呢？ (2)can用于肯定句中，常表示客觀的可能性。 It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it can be rather cold sometimes. 我的家鄉(xiāng)在三月份通常很暖和，但有時(shí)候也會(huì)相當(dāng)冷。 2.may用于肯定句中可以用來(lái)表示推測(cè)，意為“可能”；用于否定句中也可以表示推測(cè)，may not意為“可能不”，表示一種不太確定的語(yǔ)氣。 The traffic is heavy these days. I might arrive a bit late, so could you save me a place? 這些天交通很繁忙，我可能會(huì)來(lái)晚一點(diǎn)，請(qǐng)你幫我保留個(gè)位置好嗎？ Some people who don’t like to talk much are not necessarily shy; they may just be quiet people. 言語(yǔ)不多的人未必就是害羞。他們或許就是安靜的人。 3.must 表示推測(cè)時(shí)只能用于肯定句中，意為“一定，必定”，表示十分肯定的語(yǔ)氣(在疑問(wèn)句或否定句中要用can)。 —It’s the office！So you must know eating is not allowed here. —Oh, sorry. ——這是辦公室！所以你一定知道這里不許吃東西。 ——噢，對(duì)不起。 4.should 用來(lái)表示推測(cè)時(shí)意為“應(yīng)該”，即含有“按道理來(lái)說(shuō)應(yīng)當(dāng)如此”的意思。 There shouldn’t be any difficulty passing the road test since you have practised a lot in the driving school. 既然你在駕校訓(xùn)練了那么多，通過(guò)路考應(yīng)該沒(méi)什么困難。 三、“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋have done”的用法 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋have done 用法 must have done 一定做過(guò)某事，其否定形式為can’t/couldn’t have done can/could have done (1)本來(lái)能夠做但卻未做 (2)可能做過(guò)某事 can’t/couldn’t have done 不可能做過(guò)某事 may/might have done 或許/可能做過(guò)某事 should/ought to have done 本該做但卻未做，其否定形式表示本不該做但卻做了 needn’t have done 做了本沒(méi)有必要做的事情 It must have rained last night，for the road was quite wet. 昨晚肯定下雨了，因?yàn)槁访媸殖睗瘛? You needn’t have taken a taxi here，for it was near my home. 你本來(lái)不必打車來(lái)這里的，因?yàn)檫@里離我家很近。 一、if條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 if條件從句 從句的謂語(yǔ)形式 主句的謂語(yǔ)形式 表示現(xiàn)在情況 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式(be的過(guò)去式用were) should/would/could/might＋動(dòng)詞原形 表示過(guò)去情況 had＋過(guò)去分詞 should/would/could/might＋have＋過(guò)去分詞 表示將來(lái)情況 should＋動(dòng)詞原形 should/would/could/might＋動(dòng)詞原形 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式 were to＋動(dòng)詞原形 If I were you，I would take an umbrella. 如果我是你，我會(huì)帶把傘。 If I saw/should see/were to see him tomorrow，I would invite him home. 如果明天見(jiàn)到他，我會(huì)邀請(qǐng)他到我家。 二、錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句和含蓄條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 1.當(dāng)條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，被稱為“錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句”，動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間做出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。 If we had booked a table earlier，we wouldn’t be standing here in a queue. 如果我們?cè)缫稽c(diǎn)訂一張桌子，現(xiàn)在就不會(huì)站在這里排隊(duì)了。 2. 有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示，而是由otherwise，but，or，without，but for等來(lái)引導(dǎo)或者通過(guò)上下文引出。 Without your help，I wouldn’t have succeeded anyway. ＝If you hadn’t helped me，I wouldn’t have succeeded anyway. 沒(méi)有你的幫助，我無(wú)論如何也不會(huì)成功。 三、if的省略 如果if條件句中含有were，had或should時(shí)，可把if省略，把were，had或should提到主語(yǔ)之前形成倒裝，若為否定形式，not不可提前。 Were it sunny tomorrow，we would go to the Great Wall. 如果明天是星期天，我們就能去長(zhǎng)城。 四、名詞性從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 1.用于表示建議、愿望、命令等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中 常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：demand，order，require，insist，suggest，propose，advise，request，urge，mand，prefer，desire，remend等。賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu)為“should＋動(dòng)詞原形”，should可以省略。 They insisted that the boy (should) go with them. 他們堅(jiān)決要求那個(gè)小男孩跟他們一起去。 2. 用于主語(yǔ)從句中 在It is desired/suggested/proposed/remended/necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity/essential＋that從句中，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“should＋動(dòng)詞原形”，should可以省略。 It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week. 人們建議會(huì)議推遲到下周。 3. 用于表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中 在suggestion，proposal，order，plan，idea，request，advice等名詞后的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其構(gòu)成是“should＋動(dòng)詞原形”，should可以省略。 My idea is that we (should) think it over before accepting it. 我的意見(jiàn)是在接受之前我們要反復(fù)考慮。 Your suggestion that the door (should) be shut when we leave is reasonable. 你的那個(gè)當(dāng)我們離開的時(shí)候應(yīng)該關(guān)上門的建議是合理的。 五、wish賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 1. 對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬：wish＋主語(yǔ)＋動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式(be用were) I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky. 但愿我是一只小鳥，能在天空自由飛翔。 2. 對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬：wish＋主語(yǔ)＋had＋過(guò)去分詞 I wish you had e to the lecture. 但愿你當(dāng)時(shí)來(lái)聽(tīng)報(bào)告了。 3.對(duì)將來(lái)情況的虛擬：wish＋主語(yǔ)＋would/could/might＋動(dòng)詞原形 We wish we would live on the moon one day. 但愿我們有一天能住在月球上。 六、其他句型中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 1.would rather后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，表示愿望，意為“寧愿；但愿”。用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)事實(shí)相反；用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反。 When my father is upset，he would rather we left him alone. 當(dāng)我的父親煩惱的時(shí)候，他更喜歡我們不打擾他。 2. 在“It is (about/high) time＋that從句”中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用過(guò)去式或“should＋動(dòng)詞原形”表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣，注意should不可省略。 It’s high time that we devoted ourselves to environmental protection. 是我們致力于環(huán)境保護(hù)的時(shí)候了。 3.as if，as though引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句和方式狀語(yǔ)從句中常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 It seems as though it were spring already. 看起來(lái)好像已經(jīng)是春天了一樣。 4.if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中，用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示愿望。 Look at the trouble we’re in.If only we had taken our teacher’s advice! 看看我們所處的困境，要是我們接受老師的建議就好了！ [解 題 策 略] 1.句型提示法 虛擬語(yǔ)氣可以用在狀語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)從句中，在不同的從句中，虛擬語(yǔ)氣用不同的動(dòng)詞形式來(lái)體現(xiàn)，如：if非真實(shí)條件句(分三種情形)，wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句，It is time that...的定語(yǔ)從句等。所以，掌握了各類從句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的動(dòng)詞形式，就基本上掌握了虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法。 If we ________ the other road，we might have arrived here in time for the meeting. A.take B.had taken C.took D.have taken 答案　B　[句意：如果我們走另一條路的話，我們或許能夠及時(shí)到達(dá)這里參加這次會(huì)議了。根據(jù)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞might have arrived可以推出，本句是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，所以if條件句中應(yīng)該用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。] 2.特定詞匯暗示法 英語(yǔ)中某些短語(yǔ)如：If it were not for/had not been for, but for..., if only..., without等，往往要采用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，它們對(duì)于解答試題有很大的幫助，掌握了這些要點(diǎn)知識(shí)，做起題來(lái)也就很容易了。 Thank you for all your hard work last week.I don’t think we ________ it without you. A.can manage B.could have managed C.could manage D.can have managed 答案　B　[根據(jù)without you可知，本句是對(duì)過(guò)去事情的虛擬推測(cè)，故用could have＋過(guò)去分詞。] [針 對(duì) 訓(xùn) 練] 1.Had the governments and scientists not worked together，AIDS-related deaths ________ since their highest in 2005.(2016浙江卷) A.had not fallen B.would not fall C.did not fall D.would not have fallen 答案　D　[句意：如果各國(guó)政府和科學(xué)家們不一起努力的話，與艾滋病相關(guān)的死亡就不會(huì)自 2005 年的最高水平降下來(lái)。根據(jù)Had the governments and scientists not worked together可知事情發(fā)生在過(guò)去，因此是對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬，主句用would have done形式。故選D。] 2.George ________ too far.His coffee is still warm.(2016浙江卷) A.must have gone B.might have gone C.can’t have gone D.needn’t have gone 答案　C　[句意：?jiǎn)讨尾豢赡茏哌h(yuǎn)。他的咖啡還是熱的。can’t have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去否定的推測(cè)，意為“不可能做了……”。] 3.I love the weekend，because I ________ get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.(2016北京卷) A.needn’t B.mustn’t C.wouldn’t D.shouldn’t 答案　A　[句意：我喜歡周末，因?yàn)槊糠曛芰?、周日我不需要早起。A項(xiàng)意為“不需要”；B項(xiàng)意為“禁止”；C項(xiàng)意為“不會(huì)”；D項(xiàng)意為“不應(yīng)該”。根據(jù)句意可知選A項(xiàng)。] 4.Why didn’t you tell me about your trouble last week? If you ________ me，I could have helped.(2016北京卷) A.told B.had told C.were to tell D.would tell 答案　B　[句意：你上周為什么不告訴我你的麻煩。如果你告訴了我，我能夠幫助你。根據(jù)last week可知事情發(fā)生在過(guò)去，因此是對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬。根據(jù)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞could have done可知，從句應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)had done。故選B。] 5.It was really annoying；I ________ get access to the data bank you had remended.(2016天津卷) A.wouldn’t B.couldn’t C.shouldn’t D.needn’t 答案　B　[句意：這真的很讓人惱火，我無(wú)法使用你推薦的那個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)選couldn’t “不能夠”。wouldn’t “不愿意”；shouldn’t “不應(yīng)該”；needn’t “不必”。] 6.—What’s your feeling now? —I am terribly sorry.If only I ________ here yesterday! A.came B.would have e C.have e D.had e 答案　D　[if only “要是……就好了”，從時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)yesterday來(lái)看，這是對(duì)過(guò)去所發(fā)生事情的虛擬，所以用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。] 7.It’s everybody’s desire that every effort ________to reduce the pollution in our hometown. A.was made B.be made C.will be made D.would be made 答案　B　[desire后的賓語(yǔ)從句及所在句子中的名詞性從句，均應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，虛擬形式為“should＋動(dòng)詞原形”，其中should可省略，故選B。] 8.They must have enjoyed themselves there，otherwise they ________ so long. A.can’t have stayed B.wouldn’t have stayed C.can’t stay D.wouldn’t stay 答案　B　[由must have enjoyed可知，otherwise后的情況是與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反的，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用would have done。] 9.________ more energy to my study instead of being crazy about Internet games，I would be sitting in a fortable office now. A.If I devoted B.Had I devoted C.Would I be devoted D.Should I be devoted 答案　B　[此句為錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句，從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，表示與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反，如果省略if要用倒裝句；主句根據(jù)now用“would＋動(dòng)詞原形”的形式，表示與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反。] 10.Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she ________ there, she wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often. A.lives B.would live C.having asked D.were to live 答案　D　[根據(jù)wouldn’t be able to...可知這是將來(lái)時(shí)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，從句可用三種形式lived，should live，were to live，所以選D。] 11.Don’t handle the vase as if it ________ made of steel. A.is B.were C.has been D.had been 答案　B　[as if從句中，對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用were。] 12.Jack is a great talker.It’s high time that he ________ something instead of just talking. A.will do B.has done C.do D.did 答案　D　[在句型 It’s high/very time that...中， 從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用did或should do，所以選D項(xiàng)。] 13.________ another national referendum(公投) of Brexit be held，perhaps the UK would be kept in the EU and better promote a socially progressive Europe. A.Would B.Could C.Might D.Should 答案　D　[句意：如果再舉行一次英國(guó)脫歐的全民公投，也許英國(guó)就會(huì)留在歐盟并且更好地推動(dòng)歐洲的社會(huì)進(jìn)步。分析句子成分可知，本題為if引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)條件句。根據(jù)句意可知本題為對(duì)將來(lái)時(shí)間的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，在if引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)條件句中，如果從句省略if則從句需要部分倒裝。故should符合題意。] 14.It’s a sad fact of life：lies are lies，and sometimes the truth ________ lie as well. A.shall B.should C.can D.must 答案　C　[句意：這是一個(gè)可悲的生活事實(shí)：謊言就是謊言，而有時(shí)真相也可能撒謊。can意為“可能”；shall表征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)，表命令、警告、威脅等；should意為“應(yīng)該，竟然，萬(wàn)一”；must意為“必須；一定；偏要”。]