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第十一課時 主謂一致和特殊句式 感 悟 高 考 1 It was when I got back to my apartment I first came across my new neighbors 2017 天津卷 A who B where C which D that 答案 D 句意 當(dāng)我回到我的公寓的時候 我首先遇見了我的新鄰居 根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞 It was開頭 后面連詞首選 that 構(gòu)成強調(diào)句型 但需要驗證 本句中去掉 It was和 that 句意完整 所以確定是強調(diào)句型 故選 D 2 The publication of Great Expectations which both widely reviewed and highly praised strengthened Dickens status as a leading novelist 2017 江蘇卷 A is B are C was D were 答案 C 先行詞是 The publication Great Expectations 是書名 看作單數(shù) 所以定 語從句的謂語也要使用單數(shù)形式 根據(jù) strengthened 可知 說的是過去 故選 C 句 意 遠(yuǎn)大前程 的出版獲得了廣泛的認(rèn)可和高度的贊揚 這坐實了狄更斯作為前沿小說 家的地位 3 Nowadays cycling along with jogging and swimming as one of the best all round forms of exercise 2017 天津卷 A regard B is regarded C are regarded D regards 答案 B 句意 現(xiàn)在騎自行車 慢跑和游泳被認(rèn)為是最全面的鍛煉方式之一 根據(jù)動詞 短語 regard as 把 看做 和句意確定應(yīng)該用被動語態(tài) 排除 A和 D 再根據(jù)主 語部分是由介詞短語 along with連接的三個動名詞做主語 謂語動詞應(yīng)該與 along with 前面的名詞相一致 即用單數(shù) 排除 C 故選 B 4 You are waiting at a wrong place It is at the hotel the coach picks up tourists 2016 天津卷 A who B which C where D that 答案 D 句意 你等錯地方了 長途客車是在旅館接游客的 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知 此處 是一個對地點狀語進行強調(diào)的強調(diào)句型 故用 that 要 點 精 析 主 謂 一 致 一 語法一致原則 1 動名詞 動詞不定式 主語從句 不定代詞作主語時 謂語動詞常用單數(shù) Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day 聽音樂使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松 To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness in the world 愛和被愛是這個世界上最大的幸福 2 主語后接介詞短語或其他插入語 如 with together with as well as along with besides but except including rather than等 謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)與主語 的人稱和數(shù)保持一致 My father together with his workmates has been to Beijing 我父親和他的同事曾 去過北京 3 and both and 連接兩個不同的主語 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式 但是如果由 and連接 的兩個名詞表示同一個人或物時 謂語動詞需用單數(shù)形式 A famous writer and poet is to give a talk 一位著名的作家兼詩人將要作一次報告 4 定語從句中關(guān)系代詞作主語時 從句中的謂語動詞要與先行詞保持一致 在 it be 被強調(diào)部分 that who 強調(diào)句型中 be 一般用單數(shù)形式 如果強調(diào)的是主語 that who后的謂語動詞由被強調(diào)的主語決定 It is I who am going to be a pilot 是我將成為一名飛行員 Anyone who has questions to ask please e to my office this afternoon 有問題要問的人 今天下午到我辦公室來 5 more than one many a 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 作主語時 謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式 each every no 所修飾的名詞作主語時 即使有 and連接 謂語動詞仍用單數(shù) Many a desk and many a bench is to be taken out of the hall 許多課桌和凳子將被 搬出大廳 Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday 每個男生和女生都希望參加周日的聚會 二 意義一致原則 1 集體名詞作主語時 若被看作一個整體 謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式 若被看作是構(gòu)成集體的 一個個成員 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式 常見的集體名詞有 family class team group public mittee government audience 等 The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls 這個班由 25個男生和 20個女生組成 The class are doing experiments 全班學(xué)生都在做實驗 2 分?jǐn)?shù) 百分?jǐn)?shù) the majority of 名詞 作主語時 謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于 of后名 詞的數(shù)以及其表示的意義 all some half most the rest等作主語時 謂語動詞單 復(fù)數(shù)取決于主語實際表達(dá)的意義 70 percent of the surface of our planet is covered by water 我們星球的表面百分 之七十都被水覆蓋著 3 the 形容詞 表示一類人在句中作主語時 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式 The sick have been cured and the lost have been found 病人已被治愈 失蹤的人也都找到了 4 a quantity of后既可接不可數(shù)名詞 也可接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于 of后名詞的數(shù)以及其表示的意義 quantities of后無論是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞 謂 語動詞均用復(fù)數(shù)形式 With more and more forests being destroyed a large quantity of good earth is being washed away each year With more and more forests being destroyed quantities of good earth are being washed away each year 隨著越來越多的森林被砍伐 每年有大量的沃土被沖走 5 a number of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 作主語時 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式 意為 許多 the number of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 作主語時 謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式 意為 的數(shù)量 A number of students have gone for an outing 許多學(xué)生去遠(yuǎn)足了 The number of the students is increasing year after year 學(xué)生的數(shù)量逐年增加 6 表示時間 距離 重量 金額等復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時 謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式 Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy 對于一個男孩來說 3 000 美元是一筆大數(shù)目 三 就近一致原則 1 當(dāng) or nor either or neither nor not only but also not but 等連接并列主語時 謂語動詞常與最近的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一 致 Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music 不僅學(xué)生而且這位老師也喜歡聽這種音樂 Neither his parents nor he himself is a bank clerk 他父母和他本人都不是銀行職員 2 在 here there 置于句首的倒裝句中 當(dāng)主語不止一個時 謂語動詞通常與其鄰近的主 語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致 There stands the teaching building between the two rows of trees 教學(xué)樓在兩排樹之間 There is a pencil and two pens in the pencil box There are two pens and a pencil in the pencil box 文具盒內(nèi)有一支鉛筆和兩支鋼筆 特 殊 句 式 一 完全倒裝 完全倒裝是將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前 這種結(jié)構(gòu)須滿足四個條件 1 here there out then thus等副詞置于句首 2 謂語動詞常用 be e go lie run rush等表示來去或狀態(tài)的動詞 3 主語是名詞不能是代詞 4 謂語動詞的時態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber 轟炸機底下竄出一枚導(dǎo)彈 二 部分倒裝 部分倒裝是將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)動詞提至主語之前 這種結(jié)構(gòu)有下列情況 1 句首為否定或半否定的詞語 如 no not never seldom little hardly in no way not until hardly scarcely when no sooner than等 Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her 她剛出門 就有個學(xué)生來訪 2 so neither nor位于句首時句子用部分倒裝 在以 so nor neither開頭的倒裝句中 so用于肯定句 表示 也一樣 也這樣 nor neither用于否定句 表示 同樣也不 也不這樣 Tom can speak French So can Jack 湯姆會講法語 杰克也會 If you don t go neither will I 如果你不去 我也不去 3 only修飾副詞 介詞短語或狀語從句 且放在句首時 Only in this way can you learn English well 只有用這種方式 你才能學(xué)好英語 4 其他部分倒裝 1 so that 句型中的 so位于句首時 需倒裝 So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch 他很害怕 動也不敢動 2 在虛擬語氣條件句中 可將 if省略 把 were had should移到主語之前 Were I you I would try it again 我是你的話 就再試一次 3 as作為 雖然 盡管 講 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時 要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) 把狀語 表語或動 詞原形提前 通常 as可以換成 though Much as he liked the story book he donated it to the charity 雖然他非常喜歡這本故事書 他還是把它捐給了慈善機構(gòu) Try as he might he can do nothing about the present situation 盡管他會努力 但他對當(dāng)前的局勢也無能為力 名師點津 1 當(dāng) not until引出主從復(fù)合句且位于句首時 主句倒裝 從句不倒裝 注意 如否定詞 不在句首則不倒裝 Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room 直到孩子睡著 媽 媽才離開房間 2 當(dāng) so引出的句子用以對上文內(nèi)容加以證實或肯定時 不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) 意為 的確如 此 Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did 湯姆邀我去踢球 我去了 1 英語中常用的強調(diào)句型的結(jié)構(gòu)為 It is was 被強調(diào)部分 that who 其他部分 其 中 被強調(diào)部分通常是句子的主語 賓語或狀語 要注意的是 that who后面句中的謂語動 詞的人稱和數(shù)要與被強調(diào)部分保持一致 It was the culture rather than the language that made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad 是文化而不是語言使他很難適應(yīng)國外的新環(huán)境 強調(diào)主語 2 句型變換 1 一般疑問句形式為 Is Was it 被強調(diào)部分 that who 其他部分 Was it because Jack came late for school that Mr Smith got angry 是因為杰克上課遲到讓史密斯先生生氣的嗎 2 特殊疑問句形式為 特殊疑問詞 is was it that 其他部分 When was it that he made up his mind to take this course 他是什么時候決定選修這門課程的 3 含有 not until 結(jié)構(gòu)的強調(diào)句式為 It is was not until 被強調(diào)部分 that 其他部分 It is not until you ve finished your homework that you are allowed to go out 直到你把作業(yè)做完才準(zhǔn)出去 名師點津 若強調(diào)謂語 要在謂語動詞前加 do does did 這種強調(diào)只適用于一般現(xiàn)在 時和一般過去時的肯定句 The scientist did devote all his life to his research work 這位科學(xué)家的確把他的一生獻(xiàn)給了研究工作 1 祈使句的基本用法 祈使句用來表達(dá)說話人的請求 命令 建議 勸告等 祈使句的主語一般為第二人稱 通常 省略 有時也可用 everybody someone anybody等不定代詞 2 祈使句表示假設(shè)的情況 1 祈使句 and 陳述句 一般將來時 名詞詞組 and 陳述句 名詞詞組中通常含有 more another further earlier等詞 One step further and you ll fall down 再多走一步 你就會摔倒 Just a little more patience and we ll look into it soon 再耐心點兒 我們很快就會調(diào)查此事 祈使句 破折號 陳述句 Try some of this juice perhaps you ll like it 嘗嘗這種果汁 也許你會喜歡它的 2 祈使句 or otherwise 陳述句 相當(dāng)于 if not 主句 Hurry up or we ll be late for the meeting If we don t hurry up we ll be late for the meeting 快點兒 不然我們開會就遲到了 名師點津 祈使句后的反意疑問句不表示反問 而表示一種語氣 其結(jié)構(gòu)為 肯定祈使句 will won t you 否定祈使句 will you Let us will you Let s shall we Close the window will won t you 關(guān)上窗戶 好嗎 Let s go to the bookstore shall we 我們?nèi)?好嗎 一 英語中一些固定的省略結(jié)構(gòu) 1 在以 if when though as if 好像 等連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中 若從句中的主語與主 句中的主語一致且謂語動詞是 be 常將從句中的主語和動詞 be省略 Whenever possible he will e to my help 他一有可能就來幫助我 While cycling don t forget the traffic lights 騎車時 不要忘記看紅綠燈 2 由固定詞組引導(dǎo)的疑問句 What about having a game of chess 下盤棋怎么樣 How e they left you alone here 他們怎么會把你一個人留在這里呢 What if it s raining 如果天下雨怎么辦 Why not try again 為什么不再試試呢 二 與不定式相關(guān)的省略 1 通常為了避免重復(fù) 在聯(lián)系密切的語境中 作賓語或賓語補足語的不定式常省略 只保 留不定式符號 to She went teaching because she wanted to go teaching 她去教書 因為她想去 2 如果不定式符號 to后面是 be時 要保留 be 如果不定式用了完成時 要保留到助動詞 have The city now is much noisier than it used to be 這個城市現(xiàn)在比過去喧鬧多了 3 如果不定式作表語 用于解釋 do的內(nèi)容 to 也常可省略 What I did was to lay the table 我所要做的是擺桌子 解 題 策 略 1 分清主語 找準(zhǔn)謂語法 做主謂一致的題目時 由于在句子中 有一些主語容易受到別的詞的影響 往往造成一些 理解上的錯誤 如主語后面接 with together with along with but as well as等短 語時 謂語應(yīng)與前面的名詞保持一致 記住 謂語動詞的單復(fù)詞要和主語中的中心詞一致 1 Listening to loud music at rock concerts caused hearing loss in some teenagers A is B are C has D have 答案 C 動名詞短語作主語 句子的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式 由此排除 B D 兩項 根據(jù)主 語與 caused的主動關(guān)系 排除 A項 2 Such poets as Shakespeare widely read of whose works however some difficult to understand A are are B is is C are is D is are 答案 A 主句中的主語應(yīng)為 poets 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù) 其后的非限制性定語從句的主語 應(yīng)為 some of whose works 謂語動詞也應(yīng)是復(fù)數(shù) 故選 A 2 還原法 一般說來 對于一些特殊的句型 我們可以把它還原為正常的句型 如把倒裝句還原為陳 述句等等 1 At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River one of the ten largest cities in China A lies Chongqing B Chongqing lies C does lie Chongqing D does Chongqing lie 答案 A 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)得知 此處將地點狀語提前且主語為名詞 故句子需用完全倒裝 形式 所以選 A項 2 Is everyone here Not yet Look there the rest of our guests A e B es C is ing D are ing 答案 A 本句中 there放在句首 句子采用了倒裝句式 謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)該根據(jù)句 子的主語 the rest of our guests來判斷 故答案為 A 3 結(jié)構(gòu)分析法 在一些試題中要注意區(qū)別一些特殊的句型 如倒裝句 強調(diào)句 反意疑問句 祈使句等 1 It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village the hostess cooked such a nice dinner A where B that C when D which 答案 B 本題為強調(diào)句型 符合 it was 被強調(diào)部分 that 結(jié)構(gòu) 此題迷惑點在于 強調(diào)部分中含有一個定語從句 that she had bought in the village 2 John s success has nothing to do with good luck It is years of hard work has made him what he is today A why B when C which D that 答案 D 本題為強調(diào)句型 被強調(diào)部分為 years of hard work 故選 D 4 固定句型判斷法 在平時的學(xué)習(xí)中 要掌握各種句型 注意積累一些經(jīng)典的句型 把它們運用到日常寫作中 以達(dá)到真正掌握的目的 English has a large vocabulary hasn t it Yes more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and municate A Know B Knowing C To know D Known 答案 A 根據(jù)題干中的 and和 will就可以判斷答案是 A 本句是 祈使句 and or 主 語 will 結(jié)構(gòu) 祈使句表示條件 相當(dāng)于一個條件句 針 對 訓(xùn) 練 1 Bach died in 1750 but it was not until the early 19th century his musical gift was fully recognized 2015 重慶卷 A while B though C that D after 答案 C 句意 巴赫于 1750年去世 但是他的音樂才能一直到 19世紀(jì)早期才完全被認(rèn) 可 本句是一個強調(diào)句型 其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是 It is was 被強調(diào)部分 that 其他 本句被 強調(diào)部分是 not until the early 19th century 故選 C 2 Only when Lily walked into the office that she had left the contract at home 2015 天津卷 A she realized B has she realized C she has realized D did she realize 答案 D 句意 直到莉莉走進辦公室時 她才意識到她把合同忘在家里了 only 狀語 從句 位于句首表示強調(diào)時 主句要用部分倒裝 根據(jù)時間狀語 when Lily walked into the office可知要用一般過去時 故答案為 D 3 It might have saved me some trouble the schedule 2015 江蘇卷 A did I know B have I known C do I know D had I known 答案 D 句意 要是早知道時間表的話 可能會省去我一些麻煩 由句意和 might have saved可知 句子用了虛擬語氣 本句表示與過去事實相反的情況 故從句謂語用 had known if 引導(dǎo)的非真實條件句中含有 were had should 時 可將它們提到主語之前 并將 if省略 4 Video games can be a poor influence if in the wrong hands 2015 湖 南卷 A to leave B leaving C leave D left 答案 D 句意 如果落在不合適的人的手中 電子游戲就會有一個很壞的影響 leave 的邏輯主語是 video games 主語 video games與 leave之間是被動關(guān)系 故用過去分詞 if left 是狀語從句的省略 5 the nurses want a pay increase they want reduced hours as well 大 綱卷 A Not do only B Do not only C Only not do D Not only do 答案 D 句意 護士們不僅要求提高工資 還要求縮短工作時間 not only在句首引起 句子時 該句用部分倒裝 其結(jié)構(gòu)為 not only do will can etc 因此 D項正確 6 they couldn t make her change her mind A Hard as they tried B Tried hard as they C As they tried hard D They tried as hard 答案 A 句意 盡管他們盡力了 但他們還是沒能讓她改變主意 as 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句 時 采用部分倒裝的形式 故選 A 7 The director was fully convinced that this moving story if for television would be a hit A adapted B being adapted C to be adapted D having been adapted 答案 A 此處為條件狀語從句中的省略 省略了主語及系動詞 補全后為 if it was adapted for television 故選 A 8 Don t press the red button you will set off the alarm A but B or C so D and 答案 B 句意 不要按紅色按鈕 不然警報就會拉響 在固定句式 祈使句 and or 陳述句 中 祈使句相當(dāng)于一個條件句 符合該條件就會有后面的結(jié)果 就用連詞 and 不符合該條件就不會有后面的結(jié)果 就用連詞 or 故 B項正確 9 Then each waiting for the other to let the cat out of the bag A did the silence e B came the silence C the silence ing D the silence came 答案 B 在題干中 副詞 Then 位于句首時 句子應(yīng)使用全部倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) 由此可排除 未使用倒裝的 C D 兩項 A 項為部分倒裝形式 也可排除 B 項為全部倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) 10 It was not the word you said angered Mr Zhang but you said it A that how B which what C that that D which why 答案 A 句意 不是你說的話激怒了張老師 而是你說話的方式 激怒了他 第一空填 that 與 It was構(gòu)成強調(diào)句型 第二空填 how表方式 在此引導(dǎo)名詞性從句 11 You should be fully prepared before going walking in the mountain Above all plenty of drinking water with you A to bring B brought C bringing D bring 答案 D 句意 去山里散步之前你應(yīng)該做好充分的準(zhǔn)備 最重要的是要帶足夠多的飲用 水 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)及語境可知后一句缺少謂語 故選 D 12 To my great surprise there at the door trembling in wet clothes A stood a girl B a girl stood C did a girl stand D had a girl stood 答案 A 句意 讓我很吃驚的是 門口站著一個正在顫抖的女孩 衣服濕透了 介詞短 語置于句首 且句子主語為名詞時 句子要用全部倒裝 即介詞短語 謂語 主語 故選 A 13 Hardly on the stage when the audience rose and cheered A had the singer appeared B did the singer appear C was the singer appeared D appeared the singer 答案 A hardly when 表示 一 就 hardly 為表否定意義的副詞 位于 句首時句子使用部分倒裝 在 hardly when 結(jié)構(gòu)中 主句一般用過去完成時 從句用 一般過去時 故此處應(yīng)將 had提前 A 項正確 14 When we a mistake we must correct it fully openly and as quickly as possible A do make B don t make C making D not making 答案 A 句意 當(dāng)我們的確犯錯誤時 我們必須盡快地 公開地并完全地改正它 在謂 語動詞前面加助動詞 do does did 表示強調(diào) 15 All the scientific evidence that increasing use of chemicals in farming damaging our health A show are B shows are C show is D shows is 答案 D 句意 所有的科學(xué)證據(jù)表明 農(nóng)業(yè)方面越來越多的使用化學(xué)物質(zhì)正在損害著我 們的健康 主語是 evidence 證據(jù) 不可數(shù)名詞 所以謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)式 shows 賓 語從句的主語是 use 使用 不可數(shù)名詞 所以要用 is 16 The basketball coach as well as his team interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance A were B was C is D are 答案 B as well as放在作主語的名詞或代詞后邊 動詞要與主語取得一致 故謂語動 詞用單數(shù)形式 且由語境確定 B項正確